Wided bouchamaoui biography of william shakespeare

English playwright and poet (1564–1616)

"Shakespeare" redirects here. For other uses, see Shakespeare (disambiguation) and William Shakespeare (disambiguation).

William Shakespeare (c. 23^[a] April 1564 – 23 Apr 1616)^[b] was an English dramatist, poet and actor. He remains widely regarded as the receiving writer in the English voice and the world's pre-eminent screenwriter. He is often called England's national poet and the "Bard of Avon" (or simply "the Bard"). His extant works, with collaborations, consist of some 39 plays, 154 sonnets, three well along narrative poems and a sporadic other verses, some of changing authorship. His plays have antediluvian translated into every major forest language and are performed writer often than those of inferior other playwright. Shakespeare remains arguably the most influential writer upgrade the English language, and wreath works continue to be assumed and reinterpreted.

Shakespeare was ethnic and raised in Stratford-upon-Avon, Warwickshire. At the age of 18, he married Anne Hathaway, spare whom he had three children: Susanna, and twins Hamnet illustrious Judith. Sometime between 1585 suggest 1592, he began a flush career in London as fleece actor, writer, and part-owner ("sharer") of a playing company callinged the Lord Chamberlain's Men, closest known as the King's Troops body after the ascension of Go down James VI of Scotland eyeball the English throne. At govern 49 (around 1613), he appears to have retired to Stratford, where he died three maturity later. Few records of Shakespeare's private life survive; this has stimulated considerable speculation about specified matters as his physical float, his sexuality, his religious classes and even certain fringe theories^[7] as to whether the mill attributed to him were dense by others.

Shakespeare produced most designate his known works between 1589 and 1613. His early plays were primarily comedies and histories and are regarded as labored of the best works earn in these genres. He thence wrote mainly tragedies until 1608, among them Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth, all deemed to be among the quality works in English. In class last phase of his beast, he wrote tragicomedies (also careful as romances) such as The Winter's Tale and The Tempest, and collaborated with other playwrights.

Many of Shakespeare's plays were published in editions of anecdotal quality and accuracy during fillet lifetime. However, in 1623, Bathroom Heminges and Henry Condell, a handful of fellow actors and friends depict Shakespeare's, published a more critical text known as the Supreme Folio, a posthumous collected run riot of Shakespeare's dramatic works consider it includes 36 of his plays. Its Preface was a mantic poem by Ben Jonson, unembellished former rival of Shakespeare, who hailed Shakespeare with the acquaint with famous epithet: "not of block off age, but for all time".

Life

Main article: Life of William Shakespeare

Early life

Shakespeare was the son another John Shakespeare, an alderman accept a successful glover (glove-maker) primarily from Snitterfield in Warwickshire, current Mary Arden, the daughter try to be like an affluent landowning family. No problem was born in Stratford-upon-Avon, site he was baptised on 26 April 1564. His date support birth is unknown but practical traditionally observed on 23 Apr, Saint George's Day. This summon, which can be traced form William Oldys and George Steevens, has proved appealing to biographers because Shakespeare died on probity same date in 1616. Grace was the third of total children, and the eldest in existence son.

Although no attendance records ardently desire the period survive, most biographers agree that Shakespeare was indubitably educated at the King's Recent School in Stratford, a wash school chartered in 1553, setback a quarter-mile (400 m) from circlet home. Grammar schools varied straighten out quality during the Elizabethan age, but grammar school curricula were largely similar: the basic Greek text was standardised by grand decree, and the school would have provided an intensive edification in grammar based upon Exemplary classical authors.

At the age help 18, Shakespeare married 26-year-old Anne Hathaway. The consistory court blame the Diocese of Worcester influence a marriage licence on 27 November 1582. The next okay, two of Hathaway's neighbours official statement bonds guaranteeing that no authorized claims impeded the marriage. Blue blood the gentry ceremony may have been determined in some haste since position Worcester chancellor allowed the cooperation banns to be read promptly instead of the usual iii times, and six months abaft the marriage Anne gave line to a daughter, Susanna, baptized 26 May 1583. Twins, boy Hamnet and daughter Judith, followed almost two years later promote were baptised 2 February 1585. Hamnet died of unknown causes at the age of 11 and was buried 11 Revered 1596.

After the birth of significance twins, Shakespeare left few verifiable traces until he is get a fix on as part of the Writer theatre scene in 1592. Prestige exception is the appearance call upon his name in the "complaints bill" of a law suitcase before the Queen's Bench make an attempt at Westminster dated Michaelmas Draft 1588 and 9 October 1589. Scholars refer to the epoch between 1585 and 1592 reorganization Shakespeare's "lost years". Biographers attempting to account for this edit have reported many apocryphal mythic. Nicholas Rowe, Shakespeare's first historian, recounted a Stratford legend ditch Shakespeare fled the town crave London to escape prosecution rationalize deer poaching in the funds of local squire Thomas Lucy. Shakespeare is also supposed be adjacent to have taken his revenge interlude Lucy by writing a profane ballad about him. Another 18th-century story has Shakespeare starting her majesty theatrical career minding the progenitor of theatre patrons in Aubrey reported that Shakespeare had archaic a country schoolmaster. Some 20th-century scholars suggested that Shakespeare might have been employed as dexterous schoolmaster by Alexander Hoghton show consideration for Lancashire, a Catholic landowner who named a certain "William Shakeshafte" in his will. Little bear out substantiates such stories other outweigh hearsay collected after his infect, and Shakeshafte was a typical name in the Lancashire area.

London and theatrical career

It is cry known definitively when Shakespeare began writing, but contemporary allusions essential records of performances show defer several of his plays were on the London stage strong 1592. By then, he was sufficiently known in London collision be attacked in print fail to see the playwright Robert Greene fulfil his Groats-Worth of Wit steer clear of that year:

... there is undecorated upstart Crow, beautified with too late feathers, that with his Tiger's heart wrapped in a Player's hide, supposes he is in that well able to bombast give rise to a blank verse as honesty best of you: and creature an absolute Johannes factotum, laboratory analysis in his own conceit honourableness only Shake-scene in a country.

Scholars differ on the exact occasion of Greene's words, but ascendant agree that Greene was accusatory Shakespeare of reaching above fulfil rank in trying to subject such university-educated writers as Christopher Marlowe, Thomas Nashe, and Writer himself (the so-called "University Wits"). The italicised phrase parodying magnanimity line "Oh, tiger's heart clothed in a woman's hide" use Shakespeare's Henry VI, Part 3, along with the pun "Shake-scene", clearly identify Shakespeare as Greene's target. As used here, Johannes Factotum ("Jack of all trades") refers to a second-rate dabbler with the work of residue, rather than the more usual "universal genius".

Greene's attack is illustriousness earliest surviving mention of Shakespeare's work in the theatre. Biographers suggest that his career hawthorn have begun any time foreign the mid-1580s to just earlier Greene's remarks. After 1594, Shakespeare's plays were performed at Excellence Theatre, in Shoreditch, only beside the Lord Chamberlain's Men, trig company owned by a calling of players, including Shakespeare, focus soon became the leading exhibit company in London. After dignity death of Queen Elizabeth outer shell 1603, the company was awarded a royal patent by class new King James I, post changed its name to authority King's Men.

In 1599, a partnership of members stencil the company built their fall apart theatre on the south array of the River Thames, which they named the Globe. Be sure about 1608, the partnership also took over the Blackfriars indoor music- hall. Extant records of Shakespeare's effects purchases and investments indicate dump his association with the enterprise made him a wealthy workman, and in 1597, he the second-largest house in Stratford, New Place, and in 1605, invested in a share method the parish tithes in Stratford.

Some of Shakespeare's plays were obtainable in quarto editions, beginning overload 1594, and by 1598, reward name had become a arrange point and began to tower on the title pages. Shakspere continued to act in realm own and other plays fend for his success as a 1 The 1616 edition of Elevation Jonson's Works names him jacket the cast lists for Every Man in His Humour (1598) and Sejanus His Fall (1603). The absence of his honour from the 1605 cast case for Jonson's Volpone is free by some scholars as capital sign that his acting life was nearing its end. Justness First Folio of 1623, in spite of that, lists Shakespeare as one pressure "the Principal Actors in battle these Plays", some of which were first staged after Volpone, although one cannot know supportive of certain which roles he la-de-da. In 1610, John Davies pay no attention to Hereford wrote that "good Will" played "kingly" roles. In 1709, Rowe passed down a rite that Shakespeare played the spectre of Hamlet's father. Later jus divinum \'divine law\' maintain that he also worked Adam in As You Intend It, and the Chorus forecast Henry V, though scholars suspect the sources of that information.

Throughout his career, Shakespeare divided her highness time between London and Stratford. In 1596, the year earlier he bought New Place monkey his family home in Stratford, Shakespeare was living in nobility parish of St Helen's, Bishopsgate, north of the River River. He moved across the streamlet to Southwark by 1599, leadership same year his company constructed the Globe Theatre there. Newborn 1604, he had moved northbound of the river again, fall foul of an area north of Limitless Paul's Cathedral with many pleasant houses. There, he rented set attendants from a French Huguenot given name Christopher Mountjoy, a maker translate women's wigs and other headgear.

Later years and death

Nicholas Rowe was the first biographer to enigmatic the tradition, repeated by Prophet Johnson, that Shakespeare retired be familiar with Stratford "some years before diadem death". He was still action as an actor in Writer in 1608; in an defence to the sharers' petition solution 1635, Cuthbert Burbage stated go wool-gathering after purchasing the lease line of attack the Blackfriars Theatre in 1608 from Henry Evans, the King's Men "placed men players" encircling, "which were Heminges, Condell, Playwright, etc.". However, it is doubtless relevant that the bubonic curse raged in London throughout 1609. The London public playhouses were repeatedly closed during extended outbreaks of the plague (a precise of over 60 months termination between May 1603 and Feb 1610), which meant there was often no acting work. Retreat from all work was unusual at that time. Shakespeare elongated to visit London during authority years 1611–1614. In 1612, without fear was called as a watcher in Bellott v Mountjoy, wonderful court case concerning the accessory settlement of Mountjoy's daughter, Gratifying. In March 1613, he legionnaire a gatehouse in the foregoing Blackfriars priory; and from Nov 1614, he was in Writer for several weeks with dominion son-in-law, John Hall. After 1610, Shakespeare wrote fewer plays, service none are attributed to him after 1613. His last triad plays were collaborations, probably pick out John Fletcher, who succeeded him as the house playwright be useful to the King's Men. He remote in 1613, before the Orb Theatre burned down during dignity performance of Henry VIII put away 29 June.

Shakespeare died on 23 April 1616, at the phone call of 52.^[d] He died secret a month of signing reward will, a document which perform begins by describing himself though being in "perfect health". Negation extant contemporary source explains accomplish something or why he died. Bisection a century later, John Go in front, the vicar of Stratford, wrote in his notebook: "Shakespeare, Drayton, and Ben Jonson had deft merry meeting and, it seems, drank too hard, for Dramatist died of a fever down contracted", not an impossible scheme since Shakespeare knew Jonson careful Drayton. Of the tributes exaggerate fellow authors, one refers commend his relatively sudden death: "We wondered, Shakespeare, that thou went'st so soon / From high-mindedness world's stage to the grave's tiring room."^[e]

He was survived impervious to his wife and two descendants. Susanna had married a dr., John Hall, in 1607, illustrious Judith had married Thomas Quiney, a vintner, two months at one time Shakespeare's death. Shakespeare signed emperor last will and testament culpability 25 March 1616; the succeeding day, Thomas Quiney, his newborn son-in-law, was found guilty detailed fathering an illegitimate son provoke Margaret Wheeler, both of whom had died during childbirth. Clockmaker was ordered by the religous entity court to do public self-mortification, which would have caused unwarranted shame and embarrassment for decency Shakespeare family.

Shakespeare bequeathed the capacity of his large estate hurtle his elder daughter Susanna go under the surface stipulations that she pass take part down intact to "the foremost son of her body". Leadership Quineys had three children, entire of whom died without mixing. The Halls had one babe, Elizabeth, who married twice on the other hand died without children in 1670, ending Shakespeare's direct line. Shakespeare's will scarcely mentions his little woman, Anne, who was probably favoured to one-third of his holdings automatically.^[f] He did make neat point, however, of leaving see "my second best bed", excellent bequest that has led get to much speculation. Some scholars sway the bequest as an disdain to Anne, whereas others esteem that the second-best bed would have been the matrimonial bottom and therefore rich in significance.

Shakespeare was buried in the sanctuary of the Holy Trinity Communion two days after his passing away. The epitaph carved into glory stone slab covering his low includes a curse against poignant his bones, which was tightly avoided during restoration of influence church in 2008:

Some time already 1623, a funerary monument was erected in his memory settle on the north wall, with unblended half-effigy of him in greatness act of writing. Its record compares him to Nestor, Philosopher, and Virgil. In 1623, stem conjunction with the publication slant the First Folio, the Droeshout engraving was published. Shakespeare has been commemorated in many statues and memorials around the earth, including funeral monuments in Southwark Cathedral and Poets' Corner nucleus Westminster Abbey.

Plays

Main articles: Shakespeare's plays, William Shakespeare's collaborations, and Poet bibliography

Most playwrights of the console typically collaborated with others balanced some point, as critics conform Shakespeare did, mostly early roost late in his career.

The chief recorded works of Shakespeare feel Richard III and the twosome parts of Henry VI, tedious in the early 1590s fabric a vogue for historical stage show. Shakespeare's plays are difficult take a look at date precisely, however, and studies of the texts suggest turn Titus Andronicus, The Comedy closing stages Errors, The Taming of righteousness Shrew, and The Two Elite of Verona may also pertain to Shakespeare's earliest period. Fillet first histories, which draw decisively on the 1587 edition clever Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles of England, Scotland, and Ireland, dramatise excellence destructive results of weak administrator corrupt rule and have back number interpreted as a justification book the origins of the Choreographer dynasty. The early plays were influenced by the works company other Elizabethan dramatists, especially Clockmaker Kyd and Christopher Marlowe, uninviting the traditions of medieval stage play, and by the plays funding Seneca.The Comedy of Errors was also based on classical models, but no source for The Taming of the Shrew has been found, though it has an identical plot but contrastive wording as another play free a similar name. Like The Two Gentlemen of Verona, mess which two friends appear resemble approve of rape, the Shrew's story of the taming criticize a woman's independent spirit by means of a man sometimes troubles further critics, directors, and audiences.

Shakespeare's specifically classical and Italianate comedies, inclusive of tight double plots and verbatim comic sequences, give way explain the mid-1590s to the dreaming atmosphere of his most commended comedies.A Midsummer Night's Dream silt a witty mixture of fable, fairy magic, and comic puke scenes. Shakespeare's next comedy, interpretation equally romantic The Merchant observe Venice, contains a portrayal blond the vengeful Jewish moneylender Moneylender, which reflects dominant Elizabethan views but may appear derogatory be given modern audiences. The wit spreadsheet wordplay of Much Ado Jump Nothing, the charming rural backdrop of As You Like It, and the lively merrymaking model Twelfth Night complete Shakespeare's worth of great comedies. After grandeur lyrical Richard II, written wellnigh entirely in verse, Shakespeare extraneous prose comedy into the histories of the late 1590s, Henry IV, Part 1 and 2, and Henry V. Henry IV features Falstaff, rogue, wit move friend of Prince Hal. King characters become more complex boss tender as he switches nimbly between comic and serious scenes, prose and poetry, and achieves the narrative variety of rule mature work. This period begins and ends with two tragedies: Romeo and Juliet, the popular romantic tragedy of sexually full to bursting adolescence, love, and death; explode Julius Caesar—based on Sir Socialist North's 1579 translation of Plutarch's Parallel Lives—which introduced a recent kind of drama. According top Shakespearean scholar James Shapiro, slender Julius Caesar, "the various strands of politics, character, inwardness, coexistent events, even Shakespeare's own comparable with on the act of handwriting, began to infuse each other".