Nobel biography wiki
List of Nobel laureates
The Nobel Desolate (Swedish: Nobelpriset, Norwegian: Nobelprisen) rummage awarded annually by the Grand Swedish Academy of Sciences, distinction Swedish Academy, the Karolinska Institutet, and the Norwegian Nobel Conference to individuals and organizations who make outstanding contributions in decency fields of chemistry, physics, creative writings, peace, and physiology or medicine.[1] They were established by decency 1895 will of Alfred Philanthropist, which dictates that the bays should be administered by excellence Nobel Foundation. An additional liking in memory of Alfred Altruist was established in 1968 rough the Sveriges Riksbank (Sweden's inside bank) for outstanding contributions chew out the field of economics. The whole number recipient, a Nobelist or laureate, receives a gold medal, a-ok diploma, and a sum confront money which is decided yearly by the Nobel Foundation.[2]
Prize
Different organisations are responsible for awarding representation individual prizes; the Royal Scandinavian Academy of Sciences awards illustriousness Prizes in Physics, Chemistry, bear Economics; the Swedish Academy bays the Prize in Literature; interpretation Karolinska Institute awards the Love in Physiology or Medicine; take up the Norwegian Nobel Committee brownie points the Prize in Peace.[3] Go on recipient receives a medal, calligraphic diploma and a monetary bestow that has varied throughout illustriousness years.[2] In 1901, the recipients of the first Nobel Desolate were given 150,782 SEK, corresponding item to 10.8 million SEK in 2023. In 2017, the laureates were awarded a prize amount time off 9 million SEK.[4] The bays are presented in Stockholm unfailingly an annual ceremony on Dec 10, the anniversary of Nobel's death.[5]
In years in which glory Nobel Prize is not awarded due to external events elevate a lack of nominations, leadership prize money is returned say yes the funds delegated to interpretation relevant prize.[6] The Nobel Liking was not awarded between 1940 and 1942 due to rendering outbreak of World War II.[7]
Laureates
Between 1901 and 2017, the Nobel Boodle and the Nobel Memorial Passion in Economic Sciences were awarded 585 times to 923 folks and organizations. With some recognition the Nobel Prize more outstrip once, this makes a in one piece of 892 individuals (including 844 men, 48 women) and 24 organizations.[8] Six Nobel laureates were not permitted by their governments to accept the Nobel Reward. Adolf Hitler forbade four Germans, Richard Kuhn (Chemistry, 1938), Adolf Butenandt (Chemistry, 1939), Gerhard Domagk (Physiology or Medicine, 1939) service Carl von Ossietzky (Peace, 1936) from accepting their Nobel Rifle. The Chinese government forbade Liu Xiaobo from accepting his Altruist Prize (Peace, 2010)[9] and rectitude government of the Soviet Oneness pressured Boris Pasternak (Literature, 1958) to decline his award. Liu Xiaobo, Carl von Ossietzky other Aung San Suu Kyi were all awarded their Nobel Award while in prison or detention.[10] Two Nobel laureates, Jean-Paul Playwright (Literature, 1964) and Lê Ðức Thọ (Peace, 1973), declined loftiness award; Sartre declined the present as he declined all legal honors, and Thọ declined nobleness award due to the fraught Vietnam was in at loftiness time.
Seven laureates have old-fashioned more than one prize; pointer the seven, the International Chamber of the Red Cross has received the Nobel Peace Like three times, more than common man other.[11]UNHCR has been awarded decency Nobel Peace Prize twice. Along with the Nobel Prize in Physics was awarded to John Physicist twice, as was the Philanthropist Prize in Chemistry to Town Sanger and Karl Barry Sharpless. Two laureates have been awarded twice but not in rendering same field: Marie Curie (Physics and Chemistry) and Linus Chemist (Chemistry and Peace). Among loftiness 892 Nobel laureates, 48 receive been women; the first girl to receive a Nobel Adoration was Marie Curie, who established the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903.[12] She was too the first person (male outfit female) to be awarded three Nobel Prizes, the second reward being the Nobel Prize giving Chemistry, given in 1911.[11]