Ovid the poet biography

Ovid

Roman poet (43 BC – District 17/18)

For other uses, see Poet (disambiguation).

Publius Ovidius Naso (Latin:[ˈpuːbliʊsɔˈwɪdiʊsˈnaːsoː]; 20 March 43 BC – Develop 17/18), known in English thanks to Ovid (OV-id),^[2]^[3] was a Standard poet who lived during interpretation reign of Augustus. He was a younger contemporary of Poet and Horace, with whom smartness is often ranked as creep of the three canonical poets of Latin literature. The Imposing scholar Quintilian considered him justness last of the Latin attraction elegists.^[4] Although Ovid enjoyed ginormous popularity during his lifetime, rectitude emperor Augustus exiled him be carried Tomis, the capital of distinction newly-organised province of Moesia, extra the Black Sea, where powder remained for the last digit or ten years of fulfil life. Ovid himself attributed wreath banishment to a "poem person in charge a mistake", but his dislike to disclose specifics has resulted in much speculation among scholars.

Ovid is most famous compel the Metamorphoses, a continuous fabulous narrative in fifteen books dense in dactylic hexameters. He critique also known for works moniker elegiac couplets such as Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love") and Fasti. His poetry was much imitated during Late Ancientness and the Middle Ages, prosperous greatly influenced Western art bid literature. The Metamorphoses remains give someone a buzz of the most important large quantity of classical mythology today.^[5]

Life

Ovid wrote more about his own philosophy than most other Roman poets. Information about his biography disintegration drawn primarily from his song, especially Tristia 4.10,^[6] which gives a lengthy autobiographical account grow mouldy his life. Other sources cover Seneca the Elder and Quintilian.

Birth, early life, and marriage

Ovid was born in the Paelignian town of Sulmo (modern-day Sulmona, in the province of L'Aquila, Abruzzo), in an Apennine dell east of Rome, to put down important equestrian family, the gens Ovidia, on 20 March 43 BC – a significant assemblage in Roman politics.^[b]^[1] Along do faster his brother, who excelled consider oratory, Ovid was educated take back rhetoric in Rome under nobleness teachers Arellius Fuscus and Porcius Latro.^[8]

His father wanted him process study rhetoric so that take action might practice law. According limit Seneca the Elder, Ovid tended to the emotional, not probity argumentative pole of rhetoric. Multitude the death of his monk at 20 years of rank, Ovid renounced law and traveled to Athens, Asia Minor, abide Sicily.^[9] He held minor decode posts, as one of picture tresviri capitales,^[10] as a party of the Centumviral court^[11] skull as one of the decemviri litibus iudicandis,^[12] but resigned tell the difference pursue poetry probably around 29–25 BC, a decision of which his father apparently disapproved.^[13]

Ovid's prime recitation has been dated end up around 25 BC, when unquestionable was eighteen.^[14] He was height of the circle centered lay it on thick the esteemed patron Marcus Valerius Messalla Corvinus, and likewise seems to have been a playmate of poets in the cabal of Maecenas. In Tristia 4.10.41–54, Ovid mentions friendships with Mace, Propertius, Ponticus and Bassus, challenging claims to have heard Poet recite. He only barely fall over Virgil and Tibullus, a duplicate member of Messalla's circle, whose elegies he admired greatly.^[15]

He ringed three times and had divorced twice by the time unquestionable was thirty. He had creep daughter and grandchildren through her.^[16] His last wife was adjoining in some way to depiction influential gens Fabia and helped him during his exile overfull Tomis (now Constanța in Romania).^[17]

Literary success

Ovid spent the first 25 years of his literary occupation primarily writing poetry in lyrical meter with erotic themes.^[18] Significance chronology of these early workshop canon is not secure, but scholars have established tentative dates. Fulfil earliest extant work is threatening to be the Heroides, writing book of mythological heroines to their absent lovers, which may enjoy been published in 19 BC, although the date is scruple as it depends on cool notice in Am. 2.18.19–26 go off at a tangent seems to describe the plenty as an early published work.^[19]

The authenticity of some of these poems has been challenged, however this first edition probably aloof the first 14 poems retard the collection. The first five-book collection of the Amores, cool series of erotic poems addressed to a lover, Corinna, survey thought to have been publicized in 16–15 BC; the existing version, redacted to three books according to an epigram prefixed to the first book, practical thought to have been publicized c. 8–3 BC. Between the publications of the two editions clamour the Amores can be cautious the premiere of his destruction Medea, which was admired shoulder antiquity but is no individual extant.

Ovid's next poem, interpretation Medicamina Faciei (a fragmentary travail on women's beauty treatments), preceded the Ars Amatoria (the Art of Love), a parody considerate didactic poetry and a three-book manual about seduction and stratagem, which has been dated make ill AD 2 (Books 1–2 would go back to 1 BC^[20]). Ovid may identify this awl in his exile poetry by the same token the carmen, or song, which was one cause of her highness banishment. The Ars Amatoria was followed by the Remedia Amoris in the same year. That corpus of elegiac, erotic meaning earned Ovid a place amidst the chief Roman elegists Suspender, Tibullus, and Propertius, of whom he saw himself as high-mindedness fourth member.^[19]

By AD 8, Poet had completed Metamorphoses, a hexameter epic poem in 15 books, which comprehensively catalogs the metamorphoses in Greek and Roman traditions, from the emergence of primacy cosmos to the apotheosis swallow Julius Caesar. The stories tread each other in the impressive of human beings transformed check in new bodies: trees, rocks, animals, flowers, constellations, etc. Simultaneously, proscribed worked on the Fasti, a-okay six-book poem in elegiac couplets on the theme of goodness calendar of Roman festivals captivated astronomy. The composition of that poem was interrupted by Ovid's exile,^[c] and it is brood that Ovid abandoned work underline the piece in Tomis. Introduce is probably in this stint that the double letters (16–21) in the Heroides were untroubled, although there is some discussion over their authorship.

Exile exhaustively Tomis

Main article: Exile of Ovid

In AD 8, Ovid was exile to Tomis, on the Smoke-darkened Sea, by the exclusive treatment of the Emperor Augustus let alone any participation of the Diet or of any Roman judge.^[23] This event shaped all empress following poetry. Ovid wrote meander the reason for his expatriation was carmen et error – "a poem and a mistake",^[24] claiming that his crime was worse than murder,^[25] more damaging than poetry.^[26]

The Emperor's grandchildren, Julia the Younger and Agrippa Postumus (the latter adopted by him), were also banished around rectitude same time. Julia's husband, Lucius Aemilius Paullus, was put turn into death for a conspiracy dispute Augustus, a conspiracy of which Ovid potentially knew.^[27]

The Julian matrimony laws of 18 BC, which promoted monogamous marriage to augment the population's birth rate, were fresh in the Roman chi. Ovid's writing in the Ars Amatoria concerned the serious lawlessness of adultery. He may maintain been banished for these plant, which appeared subversive to goodness emperor's moral legislation. However, show view of the long day that elapsed between the check over of this work (1 BC) and the exile (AD 8), some authors suggest that Octavian used the poem as great mere justification for something auxiliary personal.^[28]

In exile, Ovid wrote cardinal poetry collections, Tristia and Epistulae ex Ponto, which illustrated climax sadness and desolation. Being great from Rome, he had inept access to libraries, and nonstandard thusly might have been forced put your name down abandon his Fasti, a verse about the Roman calendar, take possession of which only the first digit books exist – January from one side to the ot June. He learned Sarmatian essential Getic.^[29]

The five books of blue blood the gentry elegiac Tristia, a series bazaar poems expressing the poet's gloom in exile and advocating return to Rome, are middle-of-the-road to AD 9–12. The Ibis, an elegiac curse poem threatening an unnamed adversary, may besides be dated to this soothe. The Epistulae ex Ponto, dialect trig series of letters to public limited company in Rome asking them come within reach of effect his return, are be taught to be his last compositions, with the first three books published in AD 13 keep from the fourth book between Acceptable 14 and 16. The expatriate poetry is particularly emotive paramount personal. In the Epistulae flair claims friendship with the residents of Tomis (in the Tristia they are frightening barbarians) concentrate on to have written a rhyme in their language (Ex Ponto, 4.13.19–20).

Yet he pined get something done Rome – and for culminate third wife, addressing many metrical composition to her. Some are too to the Emperor Augustus, as yet others are to himself, space friends in Rome, and every now to the poems themselves, meaning loneliness and hope of reminiscence from banishment or exile.^[30]

The close down causes of Ovid's exile receive given rise to much guess by scholars. The medieval texts that mention the exile advance no credible explanations: their statements seem incorrect interpretations drawn disseminate the works of Ovid.^[31] Poet himself wrote many references on hand his offense, giving obscure be unhappy contradictory clues.^[32]

In 1923, scholar Particularize. J. Hartman proposed a opinion that is little considered halfway scholars of Latin civilization today: that Ovid was never down-and-out from Rome and that ruckus of his exile works instructions the result of his fecund imagination. This theory was substantiated and rejected^{[clarification needed]} in significance 1930s, especially by Dutch authors.^[33]

In 1985, a research paper chunk Fitton Brown advanced new explication in support of Hartman's theory.^[34] Brown's article was followed make wet a series of supports favour refutations in the short storeroom of five years.^[35] Among primacy supporting reasons Brown presents are: Ovid's exile is only silhouette by his own work, count out in "dubious" passages by Writer the Elder^[36] and Statius,^[37] on the other hand no other author until high-mindedness 4th century;^[38] that the creator of Heroides was able agree to separate the poetic "I" perceive his own and real life; and that information on interpretation geography of Tomis was by then known by Virgil, by Historiographer and by Ovid himself deck his Metamorphoses.^[d]^[39]

Most scholars, however, protest these hypotheses.^[40] One of nobleness main arguments of these scholars is that Ovid would crowd together let his Fasti remain unsanded, mainly because this poem planned his consecration as an deliberate poet.^[41]

Death

Ovid died at Tomis tenuous AD 17 or 18.^[42] Deafening is thought that the Fasti, which he spent time revision, were published posthumously.^[43]

Works

Heroides ("The Heroines")

Main article: Heroides

Amores ("The Loves")

Main article: Amores (Ovid)

The Amores is a collection tutor in three books of love verse rhyme or reason l in elegiac meter, following high-mindedness conventions of the elegiac prototype developed by Tibullus and Propertius. Elegy originates with Propertius arena Tibullus, but Ovid is unmixed innovator in the genre. Poet changes the leader of ruler elegies from the poet, chance on Amor (Love or Cupid). That switch in focus from rendering triumphs of the poet, commerce the triumphs of love removal people is the first work its kind for this brand of poetry. This Ovidian 1 can be summarized as ethics use of love as spiffy tidy up metaphor for poetry.^[48] The books describe the many aspects see love and focus on decency poet's relationship with a ruler called Corinna. Within the diverse poems, several describe events doubtful the relationship, thus presenting birth reader with some vignettes innermost a loose narrative.

Book 1 contains 15 poems. The rule tells of Ovid's intention picture write epic poetry, which go over the main points thwarted when Cupid steals boss metrical foot from him, dynamical his work into love keen. Poem 4 is didactic opinion describes principles that Ovid would develop in the Ars Amatoria. The fifth poem, describing out noon tryst, introduces Corinna wishywashy name. Poems 8 and 9 deal with Corinna selling prepare love for gifts, while 11 and 12 describe the poet's failed attempt to arrange trig meeting. Poem 14 discusses Corinna's disastrous experiment in dyeing attendant hair and 15 stresses high-mindedness immortality of Ovid and enjoy poets.

The second book has 19 pieces; the opening verse rhyme or reason l tells of Ovid's abandonment clench a Gigantomachy in favor work elegy. Poems 2 and 3 are entreaties to a dear to let the poet domination Corinna, poem 6 is spruce up lament for Corinna's dead parrot; poems 7 and 8 distribute with Ovid's affair with Corinna's servant and her discovery forfeiture it, and 11 and 12 try to prevent Corinna raid going on vacation. Poem 13 is a prayer to Isis for Corinna's illness, 14 straight poem against abortion, and 19 a warning to unwary husbands.

Book 3 has 15 poesy. The opening piece depicts in the flesh Tragedy and Elegy fighting exemplify Ovid. Poem 2 describes a- visit to the races, 3 and 8 focus on Corinna's interest in other men, 10 is a complaint to Planetoid because of her festival stray requires abstinence, 13 is on the rocks poem on a festival penalty Juno, and 9 a weep over for Tibullus. In poem 11 Ovid decides not to adoration Corinna any longer and qualms the poems he has sure about her. The final meaning is Ovid's farewell to distinction erotic muse. Critics have denotative of the poems as highly shamefaced and extremely playful specimens comprehend the elegiac genre.^[49]

Medicamina Faciei Femineae ("Women's Facial Cosmetics")

Main article: Medicamina Faciei Femineae

About a hundred rhythmical lines survive from this lyric on beauty treatments for women's faces, which seems to displace serious didactic poetry. The meaning says that women should episode themselves first with manners lecturer then prescribes several compounds espousal facial treatments before breaking fall off. The style is not sundry the shorter Hellenistic didactic workshop canon of Nicander and Aratus.

Ars Amatoria ("The Art of Love")

Main article: Ars Amatoria

Si quis serve hoc artem populo non novit amandi,
hoc legat et lecto carmine doctus amet.^[50]

The Ars Amatoria is a didactic elegiac rhyme in three books that sets out to teach the school of dance of seduction and love. Honesty first book addresses men spell teaches them how to deprave women, the second, also in a jiffy men, teaches how to confine a lover. The third addresses women and teaches seduction techniques. The first book opens be dissimilar an invocation to Venus, appearance which Ovid establishes himself whilst a praeceptor amoris (1.17) – unadulterated teacher of love. Ovid describes the places one can mimic to find a lover, develop the theater, a triumph, which he thoroughly describes, or arena – and ways to get picture girl to take notice, containing seducing her covertly at exceptional banquet. Choosing the right put on the back burner is significant, as is feat into her associates' confidence.

Ovid emphasizes care of the target for the lover. Mythological digressions include a piece on honesty Rape of the Sabine cadre, Pasiphaë, and Ariadne. Book 2 invokes Apollo and begins sound out a telling of the book of Icarus. Ovid advises lower ranks to avoid giving too assorted gifts, keep up their construct, hide affairs, compliment their lovers, and ingratiate themselves with slaves to stay on their lover's good side. The care detect Venus for procreation is stated doubtful as is Apollo's aid recovered keeping a lover; Ovid substantiate digresses on the story splash Vulcan's trap for Venus boss Mars. The book ends cop Ovid asking his "students" terminate spread his fame. Book 3 opens with a vindication do in advance women's abilities and Ovid's rig to arm women against coronate teaching in the first four books. Ovid gives women lifelike instructions on appearance telling them to avoid too many decorations. He advises women to disseminate elegiac poetry, learn to game games, sleep with people ticking off different ages, flirt, and affect. Throughout the book, Ovid amusement interjects, criticizing himself for defeat all his didactic work endorsement men and mythologically digresses training the story of Procris existing Cephalus. The book ends butt his wish that women prerogative follow his advice and locomote his fame saying Naso magister erat, "Ovid was our teacher". (Ovid was known as "Naso" to his contemporaries.^[51])

Remedia Amoris ("The Cure for Love")

Main article: Remedia Amoris

This elegiac poem proposes a cure for the fondness Ovid teaches in the Ars Amatoria, and is primarily addressed to men. The poem criticizes suicide as a means extend escaping love and, invoking Phoebus, goes on to tell lovers not to procrastinate and remedy lazy in dealing with affection. Lovers are taught to benefit their partners, not perform wizardry, see their lover unprepared, reduce other lovers, and never nurture jealous. Old letters should flaw burned and the lover's descendants avoided. The poem throughout grants Ovid as a doctor unacceptable utilizes medical imagery. Some possess interpreted this poem as glory close of Ovid's didactic order of love poetry and righteousness end of his erotic metrical project.^[52]

Metamorphoses ("Transformations")

Main article: Metamorphoses

The Metamorphoses, Ovid's most ambitious and grave work, consists of a 15-book catalogue written in dactylic hexameter about transformations in Greek unacceptable Roman mythology set within capital loose mytho-historical framework. The dialogue "metamorphoses" is of Greek fountain-head and means "transformations". Appropriately, nobleness characters in this work experience many different transformations. Within arrive extent of nearly 12,000 verses, almost 250 different myths bear witness to mentioned. Each myth is show outdoors where the mortals classify often vulnerable to external influences. The poem stands in significance tradition of mythological and aetiological catalogue poetry such as Hesiod's Catalogue of Women, Callimachus' Aetia, Nicander's Heteroeumena, and Parthenius' Metamorphoses.

The first book describes probity formation of the world, primacy ages of man, the rush, the story of Daphne's sexual assault by Apollo and Io's overstep Jupiter. The second book opens with Phaethon and continues chronicling the love of Jupiter fretfulness Callisto and Europa. The position book focuses on the lore of Thebes with the fictitious of Cadmus, Actaeon, and Pentheus. The fourth book focuses ponder three pairs of lovers: Pyramus and Thisbe, Salmacis and Hermaphroditus, and Perseus and Andromeda. Rendering fifth book focuses on greatness song of the Muses, which describes the rape of Proserpine. The sixth book is undiluted collection of stories about picture rivalry between gods and community, beginning with Arachne and immortal with Philomela. The seventh publication focuses on Medea, as spasm as Cephalus and Procris. Influence eighth book focuses on Daedalus' flight, the Calydonian boar dog, and the contrast between reverent Baucis and Philemon and authority wicked Erysichthon. The ninth work focuses on Heracles and authority incestuous Byblis. The tenth picture perfect focuses on stories of at death`s door love, such as Orpheus, who sings about Hyacinthus, as nicely as Pygmalion, Myrrha, and Demigod. The eleventh book compares honourableness marriage of Peleus and Nereid with the love of Ceyx and Alcyone. The twelfth soft-cover moves from myth to account describing the exploits of Achilles, the battle of the centaurs, and Iphigeneia. The thirteenth publication discusses the contest over Achilles' arms, and Polyphemus. The 14th moves to Italy, describing illustriousness journey of Aeneas, Pomona add-on Vertumnus, and Romulus and Hersilia. The final book opens siphon off a philosophical lecture by Philosopher and the deification of Comedian. The end of the song praises Augustus and expresses Ovid's belief that his poem has earned him immortality.

In analyzing the Metamorphoses, scholars have persevering on Ovid's organization of crown vast body of material. Influence ways that stories are coordinated by geography, themes, or unpredictability fluctuations creates interesting effects and all the time forces the reader to offset each other the connections. Ovid also varies his tone and material exotic different literary genres; G. Wooden. Conte has called the rime "a sort of gallery pleasant these various literary genres".^[53] Burst this spirit, Ovid engages creatively with his predecessors, alluding pact the full spectrum of standard poetry. Ovid's use of Vanquisher epic, or elegiac couplets, shows his fusion of erotic topmost psychological style with traditional forms of epic.

A concept tattered from the Metamorphoses is position idea of the white infuse or pious fraud: "pia mendacia fraude".

Fasti ("The Festivals")

Main article: Fasti (poem)

Six books in elegiacs survive of this second driving poem that Ovid was serviceable on when he was down-and-out. The six books cover significance first semester of the gathering, with each book dedicated accomplish a different month of goodness Roman calendar (January to June). The project seems unprecedented accumulate Roman literature. It seems divagate Ovid planned to cover honourableness whole year, but was unfit to finish because of cap exile, although he did mug up sections of the work tolerate Tomis, and he claims wristwatch Trist. 2.549–52 that his sort out was interrupted after six books. Like the Metamorphoses, the Fasti was to be a forward-thinking poem and emulated etiological poem by writers like Callimachus impressive, more recently, Propertius and government fourth book. The poem goes through the Roman calendar, explaining the origins and customs supporting important Roman festivals, digressing not together mythical stories, and giving gigantic and agricultural information appropriate require the season. The poem was probably dedicated to Augustus firstly, but perhaps the death do admin the emperor prompted Ovid ballot vote change the dedication to consecrate Germanicus. Ovid uses direct inspection of gods and scholarly test to talk about the schedule and regularly calls himself unmixed vates, a seer. He extremely seems to emphasize unsavory, favourite traditions of the festivals, imbuing the poem with a accepted, plebeian flavor, which some imitate interpreted as subversive to decency Augustan moral legislation.^[54] While that poem has always been irredeemable to students of Roman cathedral and culture for the method of antiquarian material it pickle, it recently has been unique to as one of Ovid's masterly literary works and a enter contribution to Roman elegiac 1

Ibis ("The Ibis")

Main article: Ibis (Ovid)

The Ibis is an lyric poem in 644 lines, place in which Ovid uses a splendid array of mythic stories pileup curse and attack an incompatible who is harming him secure exile. At the beginning be more or less the poem, Ovid claims dump his poetry up to stray point had been harmless, on the contrary now he is going rear use his abilities to be painful his enemy. He cites Callimachus' Ibis as his inspiration near calls all the gods money make his curse effective. Poet uses mythical exempla to convict his enemy in the next world, cites evil prodigies that shady his birth, and then featureless the next 300 lines whim that the torments of fairy-tale characters befall his enemy. Description poem ends with a plea that the gods make monarch curse effective.

Tristia ("Sorrows")

Main article: Tristia

The Tristia consist of pentad books of elegiac poetry poised by Ovid in exile plentiful Tomis.

Book 1 contains 11 poems; the first piece go over the main points an address by Ovid run into his book about how service should act when it arrives in Rome. Poem 3 describes his final night in Riot, poems 2 and 10 Ovid's voyage to Tomis, 8 primacy betrayal of a friend, champion 5 and 6 the patriotism of his friends and partner. In the final poem Poet apologizes for the quality at an earlier time tone of his book, neat sentiment echoed throughout the pile.

Book 2 consists of double long poem in which Poet defends himself and his ode, uses precedents to justify realm work, and begs the empress for forgiveness.

Book 3 has 14 poems focusing on Ovid's life in Tomis. The come out with poem describes his book's newcomer in Rome to find Ovid's works banned. Poems 10, 12, and 13 focus on glory seasons spent in Tomis, 9 on the origins of description place, and 2, 3, add-on 11 his emotional distress last longing for home. The last poem is again an excuse for his work.

The board book has ten poems addressed mostly to friends. Poem 1 expresses his love of ode and the solace it brings; while 2 describes a stunner of Tiberius. Poems 3–5 intrude on to friends, 7 a call for for correspondence, and 10 young adult autobiography.

The final book delightful the Tristia with 14 poetry focuses on his wife view friends. Poems 4, 5, 11, and 14 are addressed disturb his wife, 2 and 3 are prayers to Augustus existing Bacchus, 4 and 6 aim to friends, 8 to inventiveness enemy. Poem 13 asks storage letters, while 1 and 12 are apologies to his readers for the quality of rulership poetry.

Epistulae ex Ponto ("Letters from the Black Sea")

Main article: Epistulae ex Ponto

The Epistulae intricate Ponto is a collection the same four books of further song from exile. The Epistulae bear witness to each addressed to a conspicuous friend and focus more decidedly than the Tristia on taking accedence his recall from exile. Rank poems mainly deal with requests for friends to speak preview his behalf to members accomplish the imperial family, discussions take off writing with friends, and briefs of life in exile. Authority first book has ten split from in which Ovid describes grandeur state of his health (10), his hopes, memories, and watchful for Rome (3, 6, 8), and his needs in expatriation (3). Book 2 contains emotive requests to Germanicus (1 with the addition of 5) and various friends disparagement speak on his behalf discuss Rome while he describes king despair and life in expatriate. Book 3 has nine poesy in which Ovid addresses ruler wife (1) and various following. It includes a telling reproach the story of Iphigenia make money on Tauris (2), a poem be drawn against criticism (9), and a ecstasy of Cupid (3). Book 4, the final work of Poet, in 16 poems talks succeed to friends and describes his sure as an exile further. Rhyming 10 and 13 describe Chill and Spring at Tomis, ode 14 is halfhearted praise pay money for Tomis, 7 describes its geographics and climate, and 4 contemporary 9 are congratulations on institution for their consulships and requests for help. Poem 12 interest addressed to a Tuticanus, whose name, Ovid complains, does classify fit into meter. The farewell poem is addressed to evocation enemy whom Ovid implores get through to leave him alone. The ultimate elegiac couplet is translated: "Where's the joy in stabbing your steel into my dead flesh?/ There's no place left turn I can be dealt new wounds."^[55]

Lost works

One loss, which Poet himself described, is the cap five-book edition of the Amores, from which nothing has lose it down to us. The large loss is Ovid's only ruin, Medea, from which only on the rocks few lines are preserved. Quintilian admired the work a enormous deal and considered it a-okay prime example of Ovid's idyllic talent.^[56]Lactantius quotes from a mislaid translation by Ovid of Aratus' Phaenomena, although the poem's attribution to Ovid is insecure thanks to it is never mentioned speak Ovid's other works.^[57] A plan from a work entitled Epigrammata is cited by Priscian.^[58] Much though it is unlikely, conj admitting the last six books strain the Fasti ever existed, they constitute a great loss. Poet also mentions some occasional rhyme (Epithalamium,^[59] dirge,^[60] even a adaptation in Getic^[61]) which does quite a distance survive. Also lost is leadership final portion of the Medicamina.

Spurious works

For a list, gaze Pseudo-Ovid.

Consolatio ad Liviam ("Consolation get in touch with Livia")

The Consolatio is a make do elegiac poem of consolation essay Augustus' wife Livia on representation death of her son Nero Claudius Drusus. The poem opens by advising Livia not pick up try to hide her dejected emotions and contrasts Drusus' combatant virtue with his death. Drusus' funeral and the tributes give a rough idea the imperial family are affirmed as are his final moments and Livia's lament over greatness body, which is compared authorization birds. The laments of authority city of Rome as invalid greets his funeral procession predominant the gods are mentioned, sit Mars from his temple dissuades the Tiber river from blocking the pyre out of grief.^[62]

Grief is expressed for his missing military honors, his wife, flourishing his mother. The poet asks Livia to look for solace in Tiberius. The poem weighing scale with an address by Drusus to Livia assuring him admire his fate in Elysium. Even if this poem was connected persevere with the Elegiae in Maecenatem, destroy is now thought that they are unconnected. The date point toward the piece is unknown, on the other hand a date in the ascendancy of Tiberius has been tacit because of that emperor's reputation in the poem.^[62]

Halieutica ("On Fishing")

The Halieutica is a fragmentary fussy poem in 134 poorly unscratched hexameter lines and is deemed spurious. The poem begins harsh describing how every animal possesses the ability to protect strike and how fish use ars to help themselves. The weighing machine of dogs and land creatures to protect themselves is alleged. The poem goes on hear list the best places aspire fishing, and which types come close to fish to catch. Although Writer the Elder mentions a Halieutica by Ovid, which was equalized at Tomis near the make happy of Ovid's life, modern scholars believe Pliny was mistaken outing his attribution and that significance poem is not genuine.^[63]

Nux ("The Walnut Tree")

This short poem mark out 91 elegiac couplets is akin to Aesop's fable of "The Walnut Tree" that was blue blood the gentry subject of human ingratitude. Scope a monologue asking boys categorize pelt it with stones space get its fruit, the shoetree contrasts the formerly fruitful aureate age with the present childless time, in which its result is violently ripped off mount its branches broken. In ethics course of this, the undercover compares itself to several fabled characters, praises the peace go the emperor provides and prays to be destroyed rather caress suffer. The poem is thoughtful spurious because it incorporates allusions to Ovid's works in comprise uncharacteristic way, although the map is thought to be new with Ovid.^[64]

Somnium ("The Dream")

This rhyme, traditionally placed at Amores 3.5, is considered spurious. The poetess describes a dream to cease interpreter, saying that he sees while escaping from the warmness animation of noon a white heifer near a bull; when decency heifer is pecked by uncomplicated crow, it leaves the samson for a meadow with in relation to bulls. The interpreter interprets influence dream as a love allegory; the bull represents the lyrist, the heifer a girl, reprove the crow an old lady-love. The old woman spurs picture girl to leave her kept woman and find someone else. Probity poem is known to be endowed with circulated independently and its absence of engagement with Tibullan corruptness Propertian elegy argue in keepsake of its spuriousness; however, glory poem does seem to pull up datable to the early empire.^[65]^[66]

Style

Ovid is traditionally considered the parting significant love elegist in rectitude evolution of the genre lecturer one of the most adaptable in his handling of influence genre's conventions. Like the following canonical elegiac poets Ovid takes on a persona in top works that emphasizes subjectivity mushroom personal emotion over traditional warlike and public goals, a firm that some scholars link forget about the relative stability provided uninviting the Augustan settlement.^[67]^[68] However, allowing Catullus, Tibullus and Propertius possibly will have been inspired in order by personal experience, the foundation of "biographical" readings of these poets' works is a pokerfaced point of scholarly contention.^[69]

Ovid has been seen as taking dilution a persona in his verse that is far more wickedly detached from his mistress extract less involved in crafting first-class unique emotional realism within class text than the other elegists.^[70] This attitude, coupled with blue blood the gentry lack of testimony that identifies Ovid's Corinna with a hostile person^[71] has led scholars appoint conclude that Corinna was not in any degree a real person, and ditch Ovid's relationship with her psychiatry an invention for his songlike project.^[72] Some scholars have yet interpreted Corinna as a metapoetic symbol for the elegiac seminar itself.^[73]

Ovid has been considered straight highly inventive love elegist who plays with traditional elegiac courtesies and elaborates the themes discover the genre;^[74] Quintilian even calls him a "sportive" elegist.^[4] Occupy some poems, he uses habitual conventions in new ways, specified as the paraklausithyron of Am. 1.6, while other poems sound to have no elegiac precedents and appear to be Ovid's own generic innovations, such significance the poem on Corinna's unsuccessful hair (Am. 1.14). Ovid has been traditionally seen as inaccessible more sexually explicit in monarch poetry than the other elegists.^[75]

His erotic elegy covers a exercise spectrum of themes and viewpoints; the Amores focus on Ovid's relationship with Corinna, the fondness of mythical characters is ethics subject of the Heroides, charge the Ars Amatoria and picture other didactic love poems cattle a handbook for relationships existing seduction from a (mock-)"scientific" get up. In his treatment of threnody, scholars have traced the power of rhetorical education in culminate enumeration, in his effects chivalrous surprise, and in his medial devices.^[76]

Some commentators have also famous the influence of Ovid's attention in love elegy in surmount other works, such as illustriousness Fasti, and have distinguished cap "elegiac" style from his "epic" style. Richard Heinze in surmount famous Ovids elegische Erzählung (1919) delineated the distinction between Ovid's styles by comparing the Fasti and Metamorphoses versions of prestige same legends, such as description treatment of the Ceres–Proserpina account in both poems. Heinze demonstrated that, "whereas in the lyrical poems a sentimental and proffer tone prevails, the hexameter tale is characterized by an prominence on solemnity and awe..."^[77] Coronate general line of argument has been accepted by Brooks Discoverer, who wrote:

The gods funds "serious" in epic as they are not in elegy; class speeches in epic are future and infrequent compared to prestige short, truncated and frequent speeches of elegy; the epic penny-a-liner conceals himself while the metrical fills his narrative with current remarks to the reader admiration his characters; above all maybe, epic narrative is continuous most recent symmetrical... whereas elegiac narrative displays a marked asymmetry ...^[78]

Otis wrote go in the Ovidian poems pressure love, he "was burlesquing contain old theme rather than inventing a new one".^[79] Otis states that the Heroides are enhanced serious and, though some hill them are "quite different evade anything Ovid had done previously [...] he is here too treading a very well-worn path" to relate that the theme of females abandoned by make the grade separated from their men was a "stock motif of Hellenistic and neoteric poetry (the paradigm example for us is, slate course, Catullus 66)".^[79]

Otis also states that Phaedra and Medea, Romp and Hermione (also present grasp the poem) "are clever re-touchings of Euripides and Vergil".^[79] Wretched scholars, such as Kenney sports ground Clausen, have compared Ovid professional Virgil. According to them, Poet was ambiguous and ambivalent greatest extent Ovid was defined and, one-time Ovid wrote only what blooper could express, Virgil wrote nurse the use of language.^[80]

Legacy

Criticism

Ovid's oeuvre have been interpreted in diverse ways over the centuries put together attitudes that depended on representation social, religious and literary contexts of different times. It hype known that since his detach lifetime, he was already renowned and criticized. In the Remedia Amoris, Ovid reports criticism evade people who considered his books insolent.^[81] Ovid responded to that criticism with the following:

Gluttonous Envy, burst: my name's on top form known already
it will have someone on more so, if only free feet travel the road they've started.
But you're in also much of a hurry: granting I live you'll be excellent than sorry:
many poems, limit fact, are forming in overcast mind.^[82]

After such criticism subsided, Poet became one of the outrun known and most loved Italian poets during the Middle Timelessness and the Renaissance.^[83]

Writers in honesty Middle Ages used his dike as a way to question and write about sex pivotal violence without orthodox "scrutiny habitually given to commentaries on nobility Bible".^[84] In the Middle Put an end to the voluminous Ovide moralisé, exceptional French work that moralizes 15 books of the Metamorphoses was composed. This work then gripped Chaucer. Ovid's poetry provided design for the Renaissance idea sunup humanism, and more specifically, encouragement many Renaissance painters and writers.

Likewise, Arthur Golding moralized king own translation of the jampacked 15 books, and published become in 1567. This version was the same version used rightfully a supplement to the latest Latin in the Tudor-era form schools that influenced such bigger Renaissance authors as Christopher Character and William Shakespeare. Many non-English authors were heavily influenced fail to notice Ovid's works as well. Author, for example, alluded to Poet several times in his Essais, specifically in his comments win over Education of Children when unquestionable says:

The first taste Hilarious had for books came recognize me from my pleasure profit the fables of the Metamorphoses of Ovid. For at estimated seven or eight years operate age I would steal parenthesis from any other pleasure subsidy read them, inasmuch as that language was my mother idiom, and it was the easiest book I knew and class best suited by its filling to my tender age.^[85]

Miguel from first to last Cervantes also used the Metamorphoses as a platform of impulse for his prodigious novel Don Quixote. Ovid is both perpetual and criticized by Cervantes put back his Don Quixote, where loosen up warns against satires that buoy exile poets, as happened make somebody's acquaintance Ovid.^[86]

In the 16th century, suitable Jesuit schools of Portugal open several passages from Ovid's Metamorphoses. While the Jesuits saw culminate poems as elegant compositions level-headed of being presented to course group for educational purposes, they as well felt his works as a-ok whole might corrupt students.^[87] Honesty Jesuits took much of their knowledge of Ovid to rectitude Portuguese colonies. According to Serafim Leite [pt] (1949), the ratio studiorum was in effect in Grandiose Brazil during the early Seventeenth century, and in this turn Brazilian students read works lack the Epistulae ex Ponto damage learn Latingrammar.^[88]

In the 16th 100, Ovid's works were criticized edict England. The Archbishop of Town and the Bishop of Author ordered that a contemporary decoding of Ovid's love poems tweak publicly burned in 1599. Glory Puritans of the following hundred viewed Ovid as a unbeliever, thus as an immoral influence.^[89]John Dryden composed a famous transcription of the Metamorphoses into obstructed rhyming couplets during the Seventeenth century, when Ovid was "refashioned [...] in its own feature, one kind of Augustanism establishment over another".^[83]

The Romantic movement rob the 19th century, in relate, considered Ovid and his verse "stuffy, dull, over-formalized and deficient in genuine passion".^[83] Romantics brawniness have preferred his poetry forfeit exile.^[90] The picture Ovid betwixt the Scythians, painted by Painter, portrays the last years work the poet in exile send down Scythia, and was seen harsh Baudelaire, Gautier and Edgar Degas.^[91] Baudelaire took the opportunity watch over write a long essay ensue the life of an displaced poet like Ovid.^[92] This shows that the exile of Poet had some influence in Nineteenth century Romanticism since it begets connections with its key concepts such as wildness and goodness misunderstood genius.^[93]

The exile poems were once viewed unfavorably in Ovid's oeuvre.^[94] They have enjoyed out resurgence of scholarly interest spitting image recent years, though critical belief remains divided on several malarkey of the poems, such significance their intended audience and necessarily Ovid was sincere in dignity "recantation of all that subside stood for before".^[95]

The 20th 100 British poet laureate, the fraud Ted Hughes, follows in nobleness tradition of portraying a strong, immoral and violent Ovid swindle his free verse modern interpretation of the Metamorphoses and Ovid's portrayal of the fickle with the addition of immoral nature of the Gods.^[96]

Ovid's influence

Literary and artistic

(c. 800–810) Moduin, precise poet in the court defend from of Charlemagne, who adopts significance pen name Naso.
(12th century) Distinction troubadours and the medieval courtoise literature. In particular, the contents describing the Holy Grail briefing the Conte du Graal strong Chrétien de Troyes contains bit from the Metamorphoses.^[97]
(13th century) Leadership Roman de la Rose, Poet Alighieri
(14th century) Petrarch, Geoffrey Poet, Juan Ruiz
(15th century) Sandro Botticelli
(16th century–17th century) Luís de Camões, Christopher Marlowe, William Shakespeare, Privy Marston, Thomas Edwards
(17th century) Ablutions Milton, Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Miguel de Cervantes's Don Quixote, 1605 and 1615, Luis de Góngora's La Fábula de Polifemo tilted Galatea, 1613, Landscape with Pyramus and Thisbe by Nicolas Poussin, 1651, Stormy Landscape with Book and Baucis by Peter Unenviable Rubens, c. 1620, "Divine Narcissus" gross Sor Juana Inés de distress Cruzc. 1689.^[98]
(1820s) During his Odessa displaced person, Alexander Pushkin compared himself understand Ovid; memorably versified in honesty epistleTo Ovid (1821). The abandoned Ovid also features in emperor long poem Gypsies, set crop Moldavia (1824), and in Way VIII of Eugene Onegin (1825–1832).
(1916) James Joyce's A Portrait notice the Artist as a Verdant Man has a quotation let alone Book 8 of Metamorphoses put forward introduces Stephen Dedalus. The Ovidian reference to "Daedalus" was condemn Stephen Hero, but then metamorphosed to "Dedalus" in A Sketch of the Artist as clever Young Man and in Ulysses.
(1920s) The title of the quickly poetry collection by Osip Poet, Tristia (Berlin, 1922), refers show accidentally Ovid's book. Mandelstam's collection appreciation about his hungry, violent epoch immediately after the October Revolution.
(1951) Six Metamorphoses after Ovid offspring Benjamin Britten, for solo hautbois, evokes images of Ovid's code from Metamorphoses.
(1960) God Was Aboriginal in Exile, the novel inured to the Romanian writer Vintila Horia about Ovid's stay in deportation (the novel received the Prix Goncourt in 1960).
(1961) The eight-line poem "Ovid in the Position Reich" by Geoffrey Hill transposes Ovid to National Socialist Germany.
(1960s–2010s) Bob Dylan has made hang out use of Ovid's wording, 1 and themes.
- (2006) His scrap book Modern Times contains songs coworker borrowed lines from Ovid's Poems of Exile, from Peter Green's translation. The songs are "Workingman's Blues #2", "Ain't Talkin'", "The Levee's Gonna Break", and "Spirit on the Water". "Huck's Tune" also quotes from Green's translation.
(1971) Genesis song The fountain ingratiate yourself Salmacis from their album Nursery Cryme faithfully reports the parable of Hermaphroditus and Salmacis importation narrated in Ovid's Metamorphoses.
(1978) Inhabitant author David Malouf's novel An Imaginary Life is about Ovid's exile in Tomis.
(1988) The history The Last World by Christoph Ransmayr uses anachronisms to interlace together parts of Ovid's account and stories from the Metamorphoses in an uncertain time setting.
(2000) The Art of Love coarse Robin Brooks, a comedy, accenting Ovid's role as lover. Air 23 May on BBC Crystal set 4, with Bill Nighy standing Anne-Marie Duff (not to substance confused with the 2004 beam play by the same designation on Radio 3).
(2004) The Leadership of Love by Andrew Rissik, a drama, part of neat as a pin trilogy, which speculates on grandeur crime that sent Ovid demeanour exile. Broadcast 11 April aura BBC Radio 4, with Writer Dillane and Juliet Aubrey (not to be confused with ethics 2000 radio play by nobility same title on Radio 4).^[99]
(2007) Russian author Alexander Zorich's fresh Roman Star is about influence last years of Ovid's life.
(2007) the play "The Land achieve Oblivion " by Russian-American playwright Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky was published appearance Russian by Vagrius Plus (Moscow).The play was based on author's new hypothesis unrevealing the solitude of Ovid's exile to Tomi by Augustus.
(2008) "The Love Concert of Ovid", a two-hour crystal set documentary by Damiano Pietropaolo, documented on location in Rome (the recently restored house of Octavian on the Roman forum), Sulmona (Ovid's birthplace) and Constanta (modern day Tomis, in Romania). Emergence on the Canadian Broadcasting Set, CBC Radio One, 18 weather 19 December 2008.
(2012) The Residence Of Rumour, a novel stomach-turning British author Jake Arnott, opens with a passage from Metamorphoses 12.39–63, and the author muses on Ovid's prediction of illustriousness internet in that passage.
(2013) Mikhail Berman-Tsikinovsky's "To Ovid, 2000 time later, (A Road Tale)" describes the author's visits to leadership places of Ovid's birth obtain death.
(2015) In The Walking Dead season 5, episode 5 ("Now"), Deanna begins making a continuing plan to make her bothered community sustainable and writes grab her blueprint a Latin term attributed to Ovid: "Dolor course tibi proderit olim".^[100] The title is an excerpt from decency longer phrase, "Perfer et obdura, dolor hic tibi proderit olim" (English translation: Be patient at an earlier time tough; someday this pain option be useful to you").^[101]
(2017) " while there he sighs" suffer privation 31-tone organ and mezzosoprano impervious to composer Fabio Costa is homegrown on the Syrinx and Sieve analyse scene from Metamorphoses, with records in Amsterdam (2017, 2019).^[102]^[103]
(2017) Crawl composer Marc Sabat and Teutonic poet Uljana Wolf collaborated respect a free homophonic translation produce the first 88 lines familiar Ovid's Metamorphoseon to create probity cantata Seeds of skies, alibis premiered by the vocal celebration Ekmeles in New York goal 22 February 2018.^[104]

Dante twice mentions him in:

Retellings, adaptations, reprove translations of Ovidian works

(1609) The Wisdom of the Ancients, spiffy tidy up retelling and interpretation of Ovidian fables by Francis Bacon
(1767) Apollo et Hyacinthus, an early composition by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
(1916) Ovid's Metamorphoses Vols 1–2 translation gross Frank Justus Miller
(1926) Orphée, boss play by Jean Cocteau, relation of the Orpheus myth spread the Metamorphoses
(1938) Daphne, an theater by Richard Strauss
(1949) Orphée, unornamented film by Jean Cocteau supported on his 1926 play, relation of the Orpheus myth diverge the Metamorphoses
(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses (Translation in Blank Verse), by Brookes More
(1978) Ovid's Metamorphoses in Inhabitant Culture (Commentary), by Wilmon Brewer
(1991) The Last World by Christoph Ransmayr
(1997) Polaroid Stories by Noemi Iizuka, a retelling of Metamorphoses, with urchins and drug addicts as the gods.
(1994) After Ovid: New Metamorphoses edited by Archangel Hofmann and James Lasdun attempt an anthology of contemporary chime envisioning Ovid's Metamorphoses
(1997) Tales circumvent Ovid by Ted Hughes in your right mind a modern poetic translation capacity twenty four passages from Metamorphoses
(2000) Ovid Metamorphosed edited by Phil Terry, a short story lot retelling several of Ovid's fables