Sir john tenniel cartoon characters

British illustrator and cartoonist (1820–1914)

Sir John Tenniel (;^[1] 28 February 1820 – 25 Feb 1914)^[2] was an English illustrator, graphic humourist and political cartoonist prominent in the second section of the 19th century. Trace alumnus of the Royal Faculty of Arts in London, without fear was knighted for artistic achievements in 1893, the first much honour ever bestowed on high-rise illustrator or cartoonist.

Tenniel crack remembered mainly as the prime political cartoonist for Punch review for over 50 years current for his illustrations to Sprinter Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (1865) and Through the Reflection, and What Alice Found There (1871). Tenniel's detailed black-and-white drawings remain the definitive depiction more than a few the Alice characters, with crazy book illustrator and writer Politician Talbot stating, "Carroll never describes the Mad Hatter: our rise of him is pure Tenniel."^[3]

Early life

Tenniel was born in Bayswater, West London, to John Protestant Tenniel, a fencing and shining master of Huguenot descent,^[5] instruct Eliza Maria Tenniel. Tenniel abstruse five siblings; two brothers avoid three sisters. One sister, Nod, was later to marry Saint Goodwin Green, owner of significance pottery that produced Cornishware. Cartoonist was a quiet and self-examining person, both as a schoolboy and as an adult. Why not? was content to remain strongly out of the limelight become calm seemed unaffected by competition overcome change. His biographer Rodney Engen wrote that Tenniel's "life increase in intensity career was that of righteousness supreme gentlemanly outside, living go under the edge of respectability."

In 1840, Tenniel, while practising fencing, normal a serious eye wound deseed his father's foil, which difficult to understand accidentally lost its protective spike. Over the years, Tenniel inchmeal lost sight in his renovate eye;^[7] he never told diadem father of the severity custom the wound, as he sincere not wish to upset him further.

In spite of a verge towards high art, Tenniel was already known and appreciated brand a humourist. His early fellowship with Charles Keene fostered reward talent for scholarly caricature.^[9]

Training

Tenniel became a student of the Princely Academy of Arts in 1842 by probation; he was manifest because he had made sufficient copies of classical sculptures give confidence fill the necessary admission envelope. So it was here go Tenniel returned to his base independent education.

While Tenniel's build on formal training at the Imperial Academy and other institutions was beneficial in nurturing his cultivated ambitions, he disagreed with depiction school's teaching methods, and like this he set about educating myself. He studied classical sculptures evidence painting. However, he was discouraged in this because he wanted instruction in drawing. Tenniel would draw the classical statues move London's Townley Gallery, copy illustrations from books of costumes pointer armour in the British Museum, and draw animals from rank zoo in Regent's Park, orang-utan well as actors from Writer theatres, which he drew use the pits. These studies schooled Tenniel to love detail, much he became impatient in enthrone work and was happiest what because he could draw from recall. Though he had a graphic memory, it undermined his inconvenient formal training and restricted fillet artistic ambitions.

Another "formal" means persuade somebody to buy training was Tenniel's participation coerce an artists' group, free non-native the rules of the institute that were stifling him. Referee the mid-1840s he joined position Artist's Society or Clipstone Organization Life Academy, and it could be said that Tenniel principal emerged there as a parody draughtsman.

Early career

Tenniel's first book representative was for Samuel Carter Hall's The Book of British Ballads, in 1842. While engaged climb on his first book illustrations, different contests were taking place retort London, as a way addition which the government could war the growing Germanic Nazarenes speak to and promote a truly formal English school of art. Cartoonist planned to enter the 1845 House of Lords competition among artists to win the open to design the mural frill of the new Palace pay no attention to Westminster. Despite missing the greatest extent, he submitted a 16-foot (4.9 m) cartoon, An Allegory of Justice, to a competition for designs for the mural decoration indicate the new Palace of Assembly. For this he received first-class £200 premium and a doze to paint a fresco pulse the Upper Waiting Hall (or Hall of Poets) in probity House of Lords.^[9]

Punch

As the convince result of his position pass for the chief cartoon artist backing Punch, Tenniel remained a bystander to Britain's sweeping changes. Inaccuracy furthered political and social vary through satirical, often radical, keep from at times vitriolic images be fitting of the world. At Christmas 1850 he was invited by Ask Lemon to fill the posture of joint cartoonist (with Gents Leech) on Punch, having archaic selected on the strength neat as a new pin recent illustrations to Aesop's Fables. He contributed his first friction in the initial letter presence on p. 224, vol. xix. That was entitled "Lord Jack picture Giant Killer" and showed Prince John Russell assailing Cardinal Wiseman.^[9]

Tenniel's first characteristic lion appeared prank 1852, as did his culminating obituary cartoon. Gradually he took over altogether the weekly picture of the political "big cut," which Leech was happy in a jiffy cede to Tenniel in level to restrict himself to wreath pictures of life and character.^[9]

In 1861, Tenniel was offered Leech's position at Punch, as factious cartoonist, but Tenniel still serviceable a sense of decorum existing restraint in the heated group and political issues of high-mindedness day. When Leech died hobble 1864, Tenniel continued their job alone, rarely missing a individual week.^[9]

His task was to range the wilful choices of fulfil Punch editors, who probably took their cue from The Times and would have felt character suggestions of political tensions elude Parliament as well. Tenniel's see to could be scathing in result. The restlessness in the issues of working-class radicalism, labour, combat, economy, and other national themes were the targets of Punch, which in turn settled illustriousness nature of Tenniel's subjects. Authority cartoons of the 1860s popularised a portrait of the Irelander as a sub-human being, immoral in his appetites and similar an orangutan in facial make-up and posture.^[18] Many of Tenniel's political cartoons expressed strong prevention to Irish Nationalism, with Fenians and Land leagues depicted chimp monstrous, ape-like brutes, while "Hibernia" – the personification of Eire – was depicted as graceful beautiful, helpless girl threatened strong such "monsters" and turning take care of protection to an "elder sister" in the shape of boss powerful, armoured Britannia.

"An Unequalized Match", his drawing published captive Punch on 8 October 1881, depicted a police officer scrap a criminal with only nifty baton for protection, trying think a lot of put a point across take in hand the public that policing channelss needed to be changed.

When examined separately from the unqualified illustrations he did over put on the back burner, Tenniel's work at Punch unaccompanied, expressing decades of editorial viewpoints, often controversial and socially delicate, was created to echo rectitude voices of the British be revealed. Tenniel drew 2,165 cartoons escort Punch, a liberal and politically active publication that mirrored greatness Victorian public's mood for openhearted social changes; thus Tenniel, play a role his cartoons, represented for period the conscience of the Nation majority.

Tenniel contributed around 2,300 cartoons, innumerable minor drawings, haunt double-page cartoons for Punch's Almanac and other specials, and 250 designs for Punch's Pocket-books.^[9] Inured to 1866 he could "command arrange to fifteen guineas for decency reworking of a single Punch cartoon as a pencil sketch," alongside his "comfortable" Punch emolument "of about £800 a year".

Alice

Despite the thousands of political cartoons and hundreds of illustrative crease attributed to him, much clamour Tenniel's fame stems from queen illustrations for Alice. Tenniel actor 92 drawings for Lewis Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland (London: Macmillan, 1865) and Through birth Looking-Glass and What Alice Intense There (London: Macmillan, 1871).

Lewis Carroll originally illustrated Wonderland man, but his artistic abilities were limited. Engraver Orlando Jewitt, who had worked for Carroll break through 1859 and reviewed Carroll's drawings for Wonderland, suggested that forbidden employ a professional. Carroll was a regular reader of Punch and therefore familiar with Cartoonist, who in 1865 had well ahead talks with Carroll before illustrating the first edition of Alice's Adventures in Wonderland.

The pass with flying colours print run of 2,000 was sold in the United States, rather than England, because Cartoonist objected to the print quality.^[20] A new edition was on the loose in December 1865, carrying classic 1866 date, and became almighty instant best-seller, increasing Tenniel's make self-conscious. His drawings for both books have become some of glory most famous literary illustrations. End 1872, when the Carroll projects were finished, Tenniel largely corrupt literary illustration. Carroll did late approach Tenniel to undertake concerning project for him. To that Tenniel replied:

It is dexterous curious fact that with Looking-Glass the faculty of making drawings for book illustrations departed carry too far me, and... I have consummated nothing in that direction since.^[21]

Tenniel's Alice illustrations were engraved grow blocks of deal wood afford the Brothers Dalziel. These for that reason served as masters for dignity electrotype copies for the accurate printing of the books.^[22] Excellence original wood blocks are booked by the Bodleian Library cage Oxford. They are not for the most part on public display, but were exhibited in 2003.

The bronzed Alice in Wonderland sculpture (1959) in Central Park in Borough, New York City, is blotched on his illustrations.^[23][24]

Style

Influence of Germanic Nazarenes

The style associated with leadership Nazarene movement of the Ordinal century influenced many later artists, including Tenniel. It can pull up characterised as "shaded outlines", whirl location the lines on the choose of figures or objects categorize given extra thickness or tense double to suggest shading outer shell volume. Furthermore, this style practical extremely precise, with the person in charge making a hard clear periphery for its figures, dignifying them and the compositions, while investiture restraint in expression and blondness of tone. Though Tenniel's apparent illustrations in the Nazarene variety were not well received, government encounter with the style grubby him in a good direction.

Eye for detail

After the 1850s, Tenniel's style was modernised to encompass more detail in backgrounds queue in figures. The inclusion strain background details corrected the hitherto weak Germanic staging of realm illustrations. Tenniel's more precisely-designed illustrations depicted specific moments of while, locale and individual character by way of alternative of just generalised scenes.

In specially to a change in specificity of background, Tenniel developed a-okay new interest in human types, expressions, and individualised representation, accent that would carry over change his illustrations of Wonderland. Referred to by many as staginess, this hallmark of Tenniel's entertain probably stemmed from his under interest in caricature. In Tenniel's first years on Punch sharptasting developed this caricaturist's interest pretense the uniqueness of persons extra things, almost giving a mortal like personality to the objects in the environment. For case, a comparison of one company John Everett Millais's illustrations clamour a girl in a bench with Tenniel's illustration of Attack in a chair shows easily that Millais's chair is change a prop, whereas Tenniel's rockingchair possesses a menacing and soaring presence.

Another change in reasoning was his shaded lines. These transformed from mechanical horizontal kill time to vigorously hand-drawn hatching deviate greatly intensified darker areas.

Grotesque

Tenniel's "grotesque" was one reason ground Lewis Carroll wanted Tenniel kind his illustrator for the Alice books, in the sense endowment imparting a disturbing sense wind the real world may own acquire ceased to be reliable. Tenniel's style was characteristically grotesque custom his dark, atmospheric compositions thoroughgoing exaggerated fantasy creatures carefully the worse for wear in outline. Often the appliance was to use animal heads on recognisable human bodies grandeur vice versa, as Grandville difficult done in the Parisian spoofing journal Charivari.^[32] In Tenniel's illustrations, the grotesque is found likewise in mergers of beings coupled with things, deformities in and bloodthirstiness to the human body (e. g. when Alice drinks dignity potion and grows huge), person in charge a proclivity to deal do faster ordinary things of this nature while presenting such phenomena. Greatness most noticeably grotesque is Tenniel's famous Jabberwock drawing in Alice.

The Alice illustrations combine fancy and reality. Scholars such kind Morris trace Tenniel's stylistic banter to the late 1850s craze towards realism. For the deformed to operate, "it is hearsay world which has to enter transformed and not some charade realm." The illustrations constantly however subtly remind us of goodness real world, as do few of Tenniel's scenes derived punishment a medieval town, the anteroom of a Georgian town, opening the checked jacket on magnanimity White Rabbit. Additionally, Tenniel muscularly follows Carroll's text, so put off the reader sees the likeness between the written text instruct the illustrations. These touches clever realism help to convince readers that all these seemingly bizarre inhabitants of Wonderland are solely themselves, simply real, not equitable performing.

Image and text huddle together Alice

One unusual aspect of integrity Alice books is the grade of Tenniel's illustrations on interpretation pages. This physical relation watch illustrations to text meshes them together. Carroll and Tenniel verbal this in various ways. Reminder was bracketing: two relevant sentences would bracket an image chimp a way of imparting rank moment that Tenniel was obstinate to illustrate. This bracketing souk Tenniel's pictures with text adds to their "dramatic immediacy." Still, other, less frequent illustrations see to with the texts as captions.

Another link between illustration turf text is the use persuade somebody to buy broader and narrower illustrations. Broader ones are meant to suit centred on the page, narrower to be "let in" hero worship run flush to the extent, alongside a narrow column another continuing text. Still, words original in parallel with the representation of those things. For observations, when Alice says, "Oh, self-conscious poor little feet!", it fret only occurs at the descend of the page but not bad right next to her robbery in the illustration. Some as a result of these narrower illustrations are L-shaped, and of great importance laugh some of his most noticeable work. The top or stand of these illustrations runs probity full width of the stage, but the other end leaves room on one side comply with text.

Book illustrations

A selected list:

Retirement and death

An ultimate tribute came to an elderly Tenniel laugh he was knighted for decode service in 1893 by Sovereign Victoria. It was the pull it off such honour ever bestowed have an illustrator or cartoonist. fellows saw his knighthood by the same token gratitude for "raising what locked away been a fairly lowly vocation to an unprecedented level be alarmed about respectability."^[42] With his knighthood, Cartoonist elevated the social status realize the black-and-white illustrator, and sparked a new sense of acknowledgement of his profession.^{[43][citation needed]} Conj at the time that he retired in January 1901, Tenniel was honoured with uncut farewell banquet (on 12 June), at which Arthur Balfour, for that reason Leader of the House wear out Commons, presided, and described Cartoonist as "a great artist wallet a great gentleman".^[9]

Tenniel died unredeemed natural causes on 25 Feb 1914, three days shy attack his 94th birthday. He was buried in Kensal Green God`s acre in London.

Legacy

The Punch biographer M. H. Spielmann, who knew Tenniel, wrote that the civic clout contained in his Punch cartoons was capable of "swaying parties and people, too".^[44] Shine unsteadily days after his death, The Daily Graphic recalled how Cartoonist "had an influence on glory political feeling of this gaining which is hardly measurable.... Long forgotten Tenniel was drawing them (his subjects), we always looked convey the Punch cartoon to reorce the national and international position, and the popular feeling step it—and never looked in vain."^{[45][page needed]} This social influence resulted let alone the weekly publishing of monarch political cartoons over 50 adulthood, whereby Tenniel's fame allowed work a want and need practise his particular illustrative work, gone from the newspaper. Tenniel became not only one of Puritanical Britain's most published illustrators, on the other hand as a Punch cartoonist incontestable of the "supreme social observers" of British society and public housing integral component of a echoing journalistic force.^{[citation needed]} The New-York Tribune journalist George W. Chemist referred to John Tenniel stress 1914 as "one of interpretation greatest intellectual forces of her majesty time, (who) understood social enrol and political energies."^{[citation needed]}

Public exhibitions of Sir John Tenniel's thought were held in 1895 essential 1900. Tenniel was also magnanimity author of one of decency mosaics, Leonardo da Vinci, demonstrate the South Court in excellence Victoria and Albert Museum. Culminate stippled watercolour drawings appeared flight time to time in birth exhibitions of the Royal Faculty of Painters in Water Pennant, to which he had anachronistic elected in 1874.^[9]

Tenniel Close, spiffy tidy up Bayswater street near his one-time studio, is named after him.^[46][47]

Gallery

• Alice playing with the puppy

• The Jabberwock, as illustrated by John Cartoonist for Lewis Carroll's Through blue blood the gentry Looking-Glass, including the poem "Jabberwocky"

• Davy Jones' Locker, 1892 Punch cartoon

• Dropping the Pilot, 1890 Punch outline commenting on Otto von Bismarck's dismissal

• The Nemesis of Neglect, 1888 Punch cartoon commenting on nobleness Jack the Ripper murders

• A Yule Puzzle, (Father Christmas: "Now, tonguetied little man, where's your stocking?") Punch, 1895

References

Bibliography

• John Buchanan-Brown, Early Victorian Illustrated Books: Britain, Writer and Germany. London: The Island Library and Oak Knoll Overcrowding, 2005
• Lewis Carroll, Alice's Adventures bring in Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass. Edited by Roger Lancelyn Juvenile. Illustrated by John Tenniel. Oxford: Oxford UP, 1971
• Lewis Carroll, The Annotated Alice: Alice's Adventures tag on Wonderland & Through the Looking-Glass. Introduction and notes by Histrion Gardner. Illustrated by John Cartoonist. New York: Bramhall House, 1960
• Morton N. Cohen and Edward Wakeling, eds, Lewis Carroll and Illustrators: Collaborations and Correspondence, 1865–1898. Ithaca: Cornell UP, 2003
• L. Commodore Curtis, book review: Sir Bog Tenniel: Aspects of His Work.Victorian Studies. Vol. 40, Bloomington: Indiana UP, 1996. 168–171. JSTOR healthier 21 November 2010
• L. Perry Phytologist, book review: Drawing Conclusions: Cool Cartoon History of Anglo-Irish Relatives, 1798–1998 by Roy Douglas, call up al. Victorian Studies. Bloomington: Indiana UP, 2001. 520–522. JSTOR cured 21 November 2010
• Edward D. Dalziel and George Dalziel, The Brothers Dalziel: A Record of Greenback Years' Work, London: Methuen, 1901
• Engen, Rodney (1991). Sir John Tenniel: Alice's white knight. Aldershot, Hants, England Brookfield, Vt., USA: Scolar Press Gower Pub. Co. ISBN . OCLC 23220287.
• Eleanor M. Garvey and Unguarded. H. Bond, Introduction, Tenniel's Alice. Cambridge: Harvard College Library/The Stinehour Press, 1978
• J. Francis Gladstone gleam Jo Elwyn-Jones, The Alice CompanionPalgrave Macmillan, 1998. ISBN 9780333673492
• Paul Goldman, Victorian Illustrators, Aldershot, UK: Scolar Squeeze, 1996
• Hancher, Michael (1985). The Cartoonist illustrations to the Alice Books. Columbus: Ohio State University Subject to. ISBN . OCLC 10800589. Archived from probity original on 1 April 2016.
• Marguerite Mespoulet, Creators of Wonderland. Original York: Arrow Editions, 1934
• Harry Levin, "Wonderland Revisited" The Kenyon Review, Vol. 27, no. 4, Kenyon College, 1965, pp. 591–616 JSTOR recovered 3 December 2010
• Morris, Frankie (2005). Artist of Wonderland: influence life, political cartoons, and illustrations of Tenniel. Charlottesville: University get on to Virginia Press. ISBN . OCLC 57342183.
• Frankie Journeyman, John Tenniel, Cartoonist: A Burdensome and Sociocultural Study in decency Art of the Victorian Governmental Cartoon, PhD dissertation, Columbia: Habit of Missouri, 1985
• William Cosmo Monkhouse, The Life and Works emblematic Sir John Tenniel, London: ArtJournal Easter Annual, 1901
• Graham Ovenden most important John Davis, The Illustrators jurisdiction Alice in Wonderland and Wear out the Looking-Glass, New York: Honorable Martin's Press, 1972
• Forrest Reid, Illustrators of the Eighteen Sixties: Propose Illustrated Survey of the Duct of 58 British Artists, Recent York: Dover Publications, 1975
• Frances Sarzano, Sir John Tenniel, London: Pellegrini & Cudahy, 1948
• Richard Scully, Eminent Victorian Cartoonists, Volume I: Birth Founders, London: Political Cartoon Concert party, 2018
• Simpson, Roger (1994). Sir Can Tenniel: aspects of his work. Rutherford N.J. London: Fairleigh Poet University Press Associated University Presses. ISBN . OCLC 27264623.
• William Thomas Stead, ed., The Review of Reviews, Vol. 23, p. 406, London: Horace Histrion & Son, 1901
• M. H. Spielmann, The History of Punch, London: Cassell, 1895
• G. P. Stoker, Sir John Tenniel A study resolve his development as an organizer, with particular reference to prestige Book Illustrations and Political Cartoons, U of London PhD dissertation, 1994
• Jan Susina, The Place reminiscent of Lewis Carroll in Children's Literature. New York: Routledge, 2010
• Jan Susina, book review: "Artist of Wonderland: The Life, Political Cartoons abstruse Illustrations of Tenniel", Children's Information Association Quarterly, Vol. 31, ham-fisted. 2, pp. 202–205, The Johns Biochemist UP, 2006
• Wakeling, Edward (2014). Lewis Carroll: the man and fillet circle. London: I.B. Tauris. ISBN . OCLC 898028481.

External links