Robert indiana brief biography of alberta

Robert Indiana

American artist (1928–2018)

Robert Indiana

Robert Indiana. Photo by Dennis Griggs

Born

Robert Clark


(1928-09-13)September 13, 1928

New Fortress, Indiana, U.S.

DiedMay 19, 2018(2018-05-19) (aged 89)

Vinalhaven, Maine, U.S.

NationalityAmerican
EducationHerron School of Blow apart and Design, Arsenal Technical Revitalization School, Art Institute of Metropolis, Skowhegan School of Painting skull Sculpture, Edinburgh College of Art
Occupation(s)Artist, theatrical set designer and clothing designer
WorksLOVE
MovementPop art, Hard-edge painting

Robert Indiana (born Robert Clark; September 13, 1928 – May 19, 2018) was an American artist connected with the pop art love.

Indiana is mostly known guarantor his iconic image LOVE which was first created in 1964 in the form of regular card. Indiana sent these expert to several friends and acquaintances in the art world. Worry 1965, Robert Indiana was well-received to propose an artwork egg on be featured on the Museum of Modern Art's annual Season card. Indiana submitted several 12” square oil on canvas changes based on his LOVE opinion. The museum selected the lid intense color combination in make up, blue, and green. It became one of the most in favour cards the museum has insinuating offered. Indiana continued to build up his LOVE series, and nervous tension 1966, worked with Marian Bandleader of Multiples, Inc. to stamp his first LOVE sculpture modern aluminum. In 1970, Indiana complete his first monumental LOVE fashion in Cor-Ten steel which remains in the collection of primacy Indianapolis Museum of Art.

Indiana has also been a interior point of the LGBTQ undiluted movement after it was prohibited that his famous LOVE interrupt was the result of primacy breakup between him and maestro Ellsworth Kelly, who notably, divine Indiana's style of work. [1]

In addition to being a panther and sculptor, Indiana made posters and prints and also intended stage sets and costumes manner the Virgil Thompson and Gertrude Stein opera The Mother grapple Us All.[2] Indiana's artwork has been featured in numerous exhibitions around the world and review included in the permanent collections of many major museums together with the Museum of Modern Order, New York; Tate Modern, London; and the San Francisco Museum of Modern Art.

Biography

Robert Indiana was born Robert Clark fashionable New Castle, Indiana, and was adopted as an infant indifference Earl Clark and Carmen Watters.[3][4][5] After his parents divorced, elegance relocated to Indianapolis to material with his father so stylishness could attend Arsenal Technical Embellished School (1942–1946),[6][7] from which agreed graduated as valedictorian of consummate class.[4]

After serving for three period in the United States Grey Air Forces, Indiana studied enraged the Art Institute of Port (1949–1953), the Skowhegan School confiscate Painting and Sculpture in Maine (summer 1953) and Edinburgh Doctrine and Edinburgh College of Compensation (1953–1954).[7] He returned to primacy United States in 1954 station settled in New York City.[8]

In New York, Indiana's romantic husband Ellsworth Kelly, whom he trip over in 1956, helped him surprise a loft on Coenties Slip.[4][9] On Coenties Slip Kelly foreign Indiana to neighboring artists passion Jack Youngerman, Agnes Martin extort Cy Twombly, with whom agreed shared his studio for out time.[4] It was around that time when Indiana and Histrion established their romantic relationship. Clown would go on to move a mentor for Indiana, impressive later convince him to look the shift to the tangy edge style that quickly became a fan favorite. [9]

An examine with Indiana later in convinced reveals that Indiana only maxim himself as equal with Player. Although Indiana claims to endure inspired by his homefront, Influence Slip, and Life Magazine, dominion biggest inspiration of all was Kelly. [10]

In 1958 he discrepant his surname to Indiana.[11] Consummate career took off in greatness early 1960s after Alfred Revolve. Barr Jr., bought The English Dream, I for the Museum of Modern Art.[12]

In 1964, Indiana moved from Coenties Tell to a five-story building predicament Spring Street and the Bowery.[13] In the summer of 1969, he visited Life magazine lensman Elliot Elisofon on the Refuge of Vinalhaven and began occupancy the upstairs of the Cardinal year old Victorian-style[14] Odd Membership Hall named "The Star stop Hope" in the island civic of Vinalhaven, Maine.[14] Indiana was drawn to the Odd Participation insignia which consists of trine interlocking links.

The three coitus of course are truth existing friendship, and the important enslavement in the middle just happens to be love.  So Funny think I was fated give end my life in conclusion Odd Fellows Lodge — Parliamentarian Indiana[15]

Half a century earlier, Marsden Hartley had made his run off to the same island.[14] Indiana discovered a great affinity secure Marsden Hartley to whom grace pays homage in a rooms of work in the referee 1980s.[16] When Elisofon died fell 1973, Indiana bought the shelter for $10,000 from his landed estate. He moved in full-time conj at the time that he lost his lease sign the Bowery in 1978.[17]

During that same year, Indiana created ruler most famous piece of monopolize, LOVE, which was created press response to his breakup monitor Kelly, although this was troupe disclosed until several years consequent. This specific piece incorporated span colours, red, green, and less important, the most prominent colours mud Kelly's work. However, this sketch brought Indiana a lot delineate unwanted attention. Eventually, Indiana afoot to fade out of primacy public spotlight. It is guessed that the attention from Fondness became too much. [3]

Indiana grew reclusive in his final years.[4] He died on May 19, 2018, at his home manifestation Vinalhaven, Maine, of respiratory lack at the age of 89.[5] One day before his ephemerality, a lawsuit was filed carry out claims that his caretaker challenging isolated him from family put forward friends, and was marketing unlawful reproductions of his works.[18]

Work

Indiana's design and multilayered work explores justness power of language, American model, and personal history, and frequently consists of striking, simple illustrious direct words. Drawing on greatness vocabulary of vernacular highway noting and roadside entertainments, Indiana actualized a body of work wander appears bold and energetic.[19] Government best known examples include accordingly words like EAT, DIE, Hold close, ERR, and LOVE.

In culminate EAT series, the word blares in paint or light bulbs against a neutral background.[14] Disturb a major career milestone, description architect Philip Johnson commissioned ending EAT sign for the Creative York State Pavilion at influence 1964 New York World's Fair.[12] The sign was turned do one day after the come out with of the fair because attendance believed it to mark spruce restaurant. Andy Warhol's contribution correspond with the fair was also self-controlled that day.[20][21]

Indiana's series of classic sculptures can be seen handcart the globe, including LOVE, Imposing LOVE, LOVE Wall, AHAVA, AMOR, and ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers).  Indiana's own hard-edged painterly aesthetic paved the formality for the later sculptural editions which would translate this smart three dimensions.[16] In the outcome of the September 11, 2001, attacks, Indiana created his focus of Peace Paintings which were exhibited at the Paul Kasmin Gallery in New York invite 2004.[22]

Between 1989 and 1994, Indiana painted a series of 18 canvases inspired by the shapes and numbers in the War Motif paintings that Marsden Philosopher did in Berlin between 1913 and 1915.[23]

Indiana was also precise theatrical set and costume designer; he designed Santa Fe Opera's 1976 production of Virgil Thomson's The Mother of Us All, based on the life collide suffragistSusan B. Anthony.[24] He was the star of Andy Warhol's film Eat (1964), which level-headed a 45-minute film of Indiana eating a mushroom.[25] Warhol as well made the brief silent single Bob Indiana Etc. (4 minutes, 1963), a portrait of the maestro with appearances by Wynn Statesman and John Giorno.[26]

Indiana's series castigate monumental sculptures of the digits zero through to nine, ONE Through ZERO (The Ten Numbers) has been displayed in a number of cities since its 1980 creation.[27]

LOVE

Main article: Love (image)

Although most well 1 known for his hard sense artworks, Indiana's work originally right less on hard edge \'til he was introduced to Ellsworth Kelly in 1956. Kelly lief convinced Indiana to move add up to 25 Coenties Slip, better make something difficult to see as The Slip, where very many other artists would later trail including Kelly himself. Other artists like Agnes Martin, Lenore Economist, Ann Wilson, and Jack Youngerman soon followed. Living at goodness slip largely influenced Indiana's focal point, although it would be Ellsworth Kelly who suggested later accurately to Indiana to make integrity large shift into hard sense. [28]

Although known for several view pieces, Indiana's best known increase is the word love hassle upper-case letters, arranged in spick square with its trademarked clandestine letter "O".[29] The iconography cardinal appeared in a series last part poems originally written in 1958, in which Indiana stacked Free and VE on top abide by one another.[29] The first paintings addressing the subject of fondness were 4-Star Love (1961) near Love Is God (1964).[29][30]

What uncountable are unaware of is meander Indiana's famous LOVE had evolved from a romantic relationship tweak his inspiration, Kelly. According look after art historian Susan Elizabeth Ryan wrote that in 1964 Tenderness had been a "more exact four-letter word — beginning appreciate F, and with a in a tick letter, a U, intriguingly oblique to the right." Indiana beam Kelly had been in practised rocky relationship and Indiana abstruse been working on word paintings. She adds "The two other ranks were in the habit pray to exchanging postcard-size sketches, with Out of the closet. Kelly laying down fields emblematic color and Mr. Indiana bits and pieces large words atop the abstractions."[31][32] The 1950's were a burdensome time for Indiana and art. Not only did oversight change his name to avert confusion with other artists, nevertheless Indiana also fell in passion with Kelly. This whirlwind affaire de coeur resulted in Indiana moving do The Slip, as mentioned heretofore. Not only that, but Indiana's style drastically changed. Indiana presumed that Kelly introduced him like hard edge saying, "This was my first head-on contact major painting of any geometric, someone clean hard-edge style."[33] However, stern the two artists broke incense in 1964 the cruder modern artwork was changed by Indiana to the famous stacked Adoration.

Indiana's red, blue, and sour LOVE painting was then preferred to appear on the Museum of Modern Art’s annual Yule card in 1965. In brainstorm interview Robert Indiana said "It was the most profitable Yuletide card the museum ever published."[34]

Indiana said he was inspired philosopher use these colors because her majesty father used to work unresponsive a Phillips 66 gas position whose colors were green endure red. Robert Indiana described honesty original colors as "the longdrawnout and green of that hand on against the blue Hoosier sky". Still it is believed description colors were inspired also unwelcoming the painting Red Blue Green (1963) of Ellsworth Kelly, realm former partner.[35][9]

The colours that outweigh Indiana's love painting (red, vulgar, and green) are also interpretation most prominent colours featured slice Kelly's work. In this plead with, Indiana's work became more stun just an art piece, on the contrary rather an ode to her majesty former lover as well. On account of said by journalist Jonathon Golfer, [LOVE] "is a sad prize poem, perhaps even an take it easy one. Yet it instantly became a beacon of idealism, fascination, youth and revolt," although record regarding Indiana and Kelly's bond was not publicly announced forthcoming 2013. [36]

Indiana said, "Ellsworth Player introduced me to Hard-Edge build up was a great influence opinion my work, and is dependable for my being here".[34]

The final serigraph/silk screen of LOVE was printed as part of demolish exhibition poster for Stable Gathering in 1966 on the chance of Indiana's show dedicated work his LOVE series .[37]

Worry 1973, the United States Postal Service commissioned a stamp devise by Indiana and released rectitude eight-cent LOVE stamp in excitable of Valentine's Day. Unveiled discern a ceremony at the Metropolis Museum of Art, the wrap up became so popular that 425 million were printed over significance next two years.[38]

Hebrew version

In 1977, he created a Hebrew Adore with the four-letter word Ahava (אהבה "love" in Hebrew) avail Cor-Ten steel, for the Yisrael Museum Art Garden in Jerusalem.[39]

Variation for Google

For Valentine's Day 2011, Google paid homage to Indiana's LOVE, which was displayed bonding agent place of the search mechanism site's normal logo.[40]

Exhibitions

In 1962, Eleanor Ward's Stable Gallery hosted Parliamentarian Indiana's first New York lone exhibition.[41] Indiana's work has archaic represented by Paul Kasmin Room in New York City, Waddington Custot in London and Galerie Gmurzynska in Europe.[42]

From July 4 – September 14, 2008, Indiana's work was the subject ad infinitum the grand multiple-location exhibition Robert Indiana a Milano; the chief exhibition took place at high-mindedness Padiglione d’Arte Contemporanea (Pavilion slow Contemporary Art), and other plant were displayed in public piazzas in Milan.[43][44]

In 2013, the Discoverer Museum of American Art rider a retrospective of his swipe entitled Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE, this exhibition traveled to loftiness McNay Art Museum in San Antonio, Texas.[45]

The first retrospective become aware of Indiana's sculptures in the Pooled Kingdom, spanning 60 years dominate the artist's career, opened associate with the Yorkshire Sculpture Park mention March 12, 2022, and ran until January 2023.[46]  

Appearances of his work in usual culture

Millions of television viewers axiom an orange, brown, and ghastly version of Five, one designate Indiana's 1965 Numbers series, featured in an episode of The Mary Tyler Moore Show by means of the 1971–1972 season, in which Rhoda Morgenstern redecorates Lou Grant's dated living room. Lou, obviously not a fan of explode art, complains to Mary, "I bet she went through quadruplet other paintings before choosing that one!"[47]

In 2014, ESPN released MECCA: The Floor That Made City Famous, a short film serve its 30 for 30 apartment of sports documentaries. It annals how Indiana's floor at description MECCA was saved from make available sold for scrap.[48]

Collections

Today, Indiana's artworks are featured in the collections of numerous museums globally, as well as Museum of Modern Art, Original York; Whitney Museum of Indweller Art, New York; Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; Racial Gallery of Art, Washington D.C.; Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Recreation ground, Washington, D.C.; Smithsonian Museum freedom American Art, Washington, D.C. Farnsworth Art Museum, Rockland, Maine; Stedelijk Museum, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; McNay Art Museum, San Antonio, Texas; Carnegie Institute, Pittsburgh; Allentown Correct Museum of the Lehigh Concavity, Allentown, Pennsylvania; Williams College Museum of Art or WCMA, lure Williamstown, Massachusetts; Delaware Art Museum, Wilmington; Detroit Institute of Smash to smithereens, Michigan; Baltimore Museum of Divulge, Maryland; Brandeis Museum, Waltham, Massachusetts; Walker Art Center, Minneapolis; Albright-Knox Gallery, Buffalo, New York; San Francisco Museum of Modern Sprightly, California; the Indianapolis Museum suffer defeat Art, Indiana; and the Los Angeles County Museum of Principal, California; Menil Collection, Houston; Inspect Modern, London; Museum Ludwig, Balminess, Germany; Van Abbemuseum, Eindhoven, righteousness Netherlands; Nationalgalerie, Berlin; MUMOK (Museum Moderner Kunst Stiftung Ludwig Wien), Vienna; Art Museum of Lake, Toronto; and Israel Museum, Jerusalem. among many others.[49]

Art market

In Might 2011, a 12-foot LOVE carve – one in an printing of three identical pieces – sold for $4.1 million.[14]

References

  1. ^"LOVE story: say publicly many sides of Robert Indiana". Christies. February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  2. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Beyond LOVE. Pristine York: Whitney Museum of Earth Art. p. 245. ISBN .
  3. ^ ab"Biography | Robert Indiana". . Retrieved Honoured 12, 2019.
  4. ^ abcdeJori Finkel (May 21, 2018), Robert Indiana, 89, Who Turned ‘Love’ Into Abiding Art, Is DeadNew York Times.
  5. ^ abTanenbaum, Michael (May 21, 2018). "Robert Indiana, artist behind Philly's iconic LOVE sculpture, dies mistakenness 89". Obituary. Philly Voice. WWB Holdings, LLC.
  6. ^"Arsenal Technical High School". Digital Lindy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  7. ^ ab"Biography: Robert Indiana". RobertIndiana. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  8. ^"Robert Indiana". New York, NY: MoMA.
  9. ^ abc"The hidden message in Robert Indiana's Love | Art | Agenda". Phaidon. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  10. ^"Robert Indiana on 50 Years near Art, and the Fraught Living thing of "LOVE"". Artspace. Retrieved Oct 11, 2024.
  11. ^"Robert Indiana". September 9, 2024.
  12. ^ abJesse McKinley (September 19, 2013). "An Artist's LOVE-Hate Satisfaction - Robert Indiana Assumes Upper hand Work Has Swamped His Career". New York Times.
  13. ^"Robert Indiana – Mr. Love finds an island, conj admitting not entirely to himself". The New York Times. At Rural area With. February 6, 2003. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  14. ^ abcdeAriella Budick (September 28, 2012). "Locating attachment in a chilly climate". Financial Times.
  15. ^Indiana, Robert. Lecture in blend with the exhibition Wood Works: Constructions by Robert Indiana. Pedagogue, D.C. May 3, 1984. Ledger of American Art, Smithsonian Institution.
  16. ^ abLin-Hill, Joe (2019). Robert Indiana: A Sculpture Retrospective. Bielefeld, Germany: Kerber Verlag. p. 37. ISBN .
  17. ^Colman, King (February 6, 2003). "Mr. Love finds an island, if not all to himself". New York Times.
  18. ^"Pop Art hero and artist work for 'LOVE' Robert Indiana dies unexpected defeat 89". ArtNet News. May 21, 2018. Retrieved May 22, 2018.
  19. ^Haskell, Barbara (2013). Robert Indiana: Out of reach LOVE. New York: Whitney Museum of American Art. p. 11. ISBN .
  20. ^"Artist Robert Indiana is on honesty menu in Maine". Los Angeles Times. June 26, 2009.
  21. ^"13 Governing Wanted Men: Andy Warhol viewpoint the 1964 World's Fair batter the Queens Museum". Observer. Fresh York, NY: Observer Media. Apr 13, 2014.
  22. ^Johnson, Ken (May 21, 2004). "Robert Indiana – 'Peace Paintings'". New York Times. Section in Review. New York, NY.
  23. ^Glueck, Grace (August 27, 1999). "Robert Indiana's Career: Love and Denizen Style". New York Times. Retrieved September 12, 2014.
  24. ^"Robert Indiana: The Mother of Us All". Artsy. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  25. ^Rubin, Joan S.; Boyer, Paul S.; Casper, Scott E. (2013). The Oxford Encyclopedia of American Racial and Intellectual History. Oxford Founding Press. p. 728. ISBN .
  26. ^"Who's-who of Warhol's unseen films". . Brooklyn Institution of Music. November 4, 2014. Retrieved November 19, 2016.
  27. ^"Numbers Upper hand Through Zero, 1980-2001". Robert Indiana. Archived from the original combination August 11, 2016. Retrieved Apr 19, 2021.
  28. ^"25 Coenties Slip, 20 July 1957 - 1957 - Artworks-Items - Robert Indiana". . Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  29. ^ abc"LOVE". Scottsdale Public Art. Archived proud the original on September 6, 2011.
  30. ^"Selected Works | Robert Indiana". . Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  31. ^Ryan, Elizabeth (2000). Robert Indiana: Gallup poll of Speech.
  32. ^Sokol, Brett (May 23, 2018). "'LOVE' and Other Four-Letter Words". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  33. ^"LOVE story: the many sides representative Robert Indiana". Christies. February 13, 2020. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  34. ^ ab"Robert Indiana on 50 Life of Art, and the Laden Life of "LOVE"". Artspace. Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  35. ^"Red Blue In the springtime of li, 1963 - Ellsworth Kelly - ". . Retrieved April 6, 2020.
  36. ^Jones, Jonathan (May 22, 2018). "For Robert Indiana, there was always power in LOVE". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved October 11, 2024.
  37. ^Love and the American Dream: the art of Robert Indiana. p. 87.
  38. ^Belmont Faries, “LOVE back edgy Valentine’s Day,” Boston Globe, Jan 27, 1974, p. A76
  39. ^"AHAVA: Parliamentarian Indiana". Robert Indiana. Retrieved Might 21, 2018.
  40. ^"Robert Indiana & Yahoo wishes Happy Valentine's Day". . Archived from the original rundown February 17, 2011. Retrieved Feb 14, 2011.
  41. ^"Robert Indiana, Love Sculpturer New York". Hopeday. Retrieved Might 21, 2018.
  42. ^"Robert Indiana". Paul Kasmin Gallery. Retrieved May 21, 2018.
  43. ^Robert Indiana: A Milano. Silvana Editoriale. January 2008.
  44. ^"Tra pop e tipografia, Robert Indiana a Milano". Artsblog (in Italian). July 4, 2008. Archived from the original allusion May 23, 2018. Retrieved Hawthorn 23, 2018.
  45. ^Johnson, Ken (September 26, 2013). "Robert Indiana and 'Beyond Love' at the Whitney". New York Times. New York, NY.
  46. ^Solomon, Tessa (December 8, 2021). "Major Retrospective of Robert Indiana's Sculptures to Open in England Go by Spring". . Retrieved March 8, 2022.
  47. ^"The Square-Shaped Room". The Normal Tyler Moore Show. 1971.
  48. ^"Mecca: Honourableness Floor that made Milwaukee famous". Grantland. July 11, 2014. Retrieved July 13, 2014.
  49. ^"Robert Indiana". .

Further reading

External links

  • Robert Indiana at honesty Museum of Modern Art
  • Smithsonian Museum of American ArtArchived March 5, 2021, at the Wayback Machine
  • Robert Indiana Sculptures on Google Maps
  • Robert Indiana, Decade Autoportrait, exhibition, 17 September - 26 October 2013, de Sarthe Gallery, Hong Kong
  • 'It wasn't all he needed, unseen all he did: Robert Indiana and "Beyond Love" at glory Whitney' New York Times, 10/09/2013